LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ■>] 



A 

lliilL OF SIllICl 



■FOR TIIE- 



FIFTH BRIGADE, 
NATIONAL GUARD s PENNSYLVANIA, 

C03IPILED BY 

BRIGADIER GENERAL HUIDEKOPER. 



-:o:- 



EDITION 1,500 COPIES. 

FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION IN THE BRIGADE, ONE COPY 

FOR USE OF EACH OFFICER AND ENLISTED MAN. 



-:o:- 



TIIIS BOOK IS COMPANY PROPERTY, AND AS SUCH 
MUST BE CARED FOR AND RETURNED UPON DE- 
MAND OF THE COMMANDING OFFICER OF 



lIIilL OF SllllCI 



-YOU THE- 



FIFTH BRIGADE. 
NATIONAL GUARD 3 PENNSYLVANIA. 



C03IPILED BY 



BRIGADIER GENERAL HUIDEKOPER. 



DISTIflBUTED FREE TO EACH OFFICER AND 
SOLDIER IX THE BRIGADE. i'?^* 

. iik!dL.kJLi 

1S79. .^A 

MEADVILLE, PENN'A. 'V ^ 

CRAWFORD JOURNAL PRINT. 

1879. 



>^vi» 






INTRODUCTORY. 



Headi^uarters 5th Brigade, 

National Guard of Pexxsylvaxia,. 
Meadyille, June 10, 1^79. 

These few pages have been prepared to partially meet 
a want experienced by every new < fficer and soldier, and 
by many old on s, viz : that of having a ready reference 
book of the customs of the service, which will indicate 
in general the duties of each, and what shouldb^ done on 
particular occasions. These in active service can be 
learned by observation, but in the National Guard ser- 
vice there is not this opportunity, and the willingness 
always manifested by the individuals of my commands 
(the old 20th and Tth Divisions and the present 5th Brig- 
ade) to avail themselves of every means of instruction ^ 
leads me to believe that my efforts to assist them will 
not be without good results. 

Compiled at leisure moments outside of business hourSy 
and in haste for issue before any service that might be 
required this summer in encampments or otherwise, the 
''Manual" is necessarily incomplete and needs replacing 
by a carefully prepared volume, which our most efficient 
Adjutant General, General J. W. Latta, promises from 
the hands of a board of officers, whose military educa- 
tion will insure absolute correctness. 

The reader will notice that I have drawn largely on 



the Army Regulations, Upton's Tactics, the laws of 
Pennsylvania, the Customs of Service, Wingate's Rifle 
Practice, and on the Regulations of the Massachusetts 
Yol. Militia, without crediting the sections borrowed 
from each, and I would here acknowledge the invaluable 
assistancerendered by General Geo. A. Forsyth, of Lieu- 
tenant General Sheridan's staff, whose interest in a Na- 
tional Militia has induced him to aid me by many sug- 
gestions and by a review of the entire matter, to see that 
it was in accordance with customs of the regular service 
so far as the two services can be alike. I would also ac- 
knowledge similar assistance received from Adjutant 
General Latta, of Pennsylvania, whose approval of the 
regulations herein contained warrants me in offering 
them as a guide for the officers and men of this command. 
In addition to these gentlemen, Adjutant General Town- 
send, of the Regular Army; Major General Emory Up- 
ton, of the Regular Army; Major J. A. Smith, of the 
^Engineers, and Major CO. Wood, formerly of the 9th 
Heg't U. S. Infantry, have kindly aided me in points 
about which I have had occasion to ask their assistance. 

H. S. HUIDEKOPER, 

Brigadier General. 



IN GENERAL. 



ARTICLE I. 
In General. 

1. The President of the United States is Commander- 
in-chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and 
of the militia of the several States, when called into the 
service of the United States. 

2. The President may call forth the militia to execute 
the laws of the United States, to suppress insurrection 
or to repel invasion. 

3. When employed in the service of the United States, 
the militia are subject to the same rules and regulations 
and articles of war, as are the troops of the United 
States, but courts martial for the trial of militia shall be 
composed of militia officers only, and there is reserved to 
the States the right to appoint officers for the militia 
regiments and companies. 

4. When ordered into the service of the United States,, 
the militia will be sworn into that service. 

5. The National Guard is that pgrrt of the militia 
force of the State, which, upon volunteering, is kept in 
a state of drill and discipline, ready for immediate ser- 
vice under the provisions of the laws of the Common- 
wealth. 

6. When an emergency arises, the National Guard will 
be first called upon for active service. 

7. W^hen only a portion of the militia of the State is 
drawn upon for United States service, the National 
Guard will first be called upon to volunteer for such 
term of service as the President may designate. 

8. The Governor is ex-officio Commander-in-chief of 
the militia. 

9. In the absence of provisions of the laws of the 
State for the militia, they will be governed by the laws> 
of the United States and customs of the regular service^ 
in organization and in the system of discipline and exer- 
cise. 



DISCIPLINE. 



ARTICLE IT. 

Discipline. 

10. Discipline, in its military sense, is that condition 
of things among troops which insures — 

I. Unhesitating obedience to orders. 
II The strict enforcement of orders. 

III. The proper observance of military etiquette. 

IV. The health and comfort of the troops. 
y. Care of military property. 

YI. Uniformity in matters of detail and corres- 
pondence. 

Neglect in applying the means which may attain these 
ends is breach of discipline. 

11. Courtesy among military men is indispensable, 
and no man can be a good officer or soldier who neglects 
the rules which govern military etiquette. 

12. All inferiors are required to obey strictly, and to 
execute with alacjnty and good faith, the lawful orders 
of the superiors appointed over them. 

13. Military authorit}^ is to be exercised with firm- 
iiess, but with kindness and justness to inferiors. Pun- 
ishments shall be strictly conformable to military 
usage. 

14. Superiors of every grade are forbidden to injure 
those under them by tyrannical or capricious conduct or 
by abusive language. 

15. AVhen on duty, familiarity between officers and 
non-commissioned officers, between officers and soldiers, 
and between non-commissioned officers and soldiers is to 
be discountenanced, 

16. Each subordinate should have complete and ex- 
clusive control of his own command, and any orders or 
instructions to it should be issued to the commander, 
and to none other. 

17. Commanders of organizations are required to have 
their non-commissioned officers properly instructed, and 
to see that they are obeyed by the men. 



HOXOFvS TO BE PAID BY TROOPS. 7 

18. Deliberations or discussions among military men, 
conveying praise or censure, or any mark of approbation 
towards others in the military service, and all publica- 
tions relative to transactions between military men, 
either of an official or personal nature , whether newspaper 
or pamphlet or hand-bill, are unmilitary and injurious to 
the public interest. 

19. Any officer or soldier who shall strike his super- 
ior officer , or draw or lift up any weapon , or offer any vio- 
lence against him, being in the execution of his office, on 
any pretense whatever, or shall disobey any lawful com- 
mand of his superior officer, shall suffer death, or such 
other punishment as shall, according to the nature of 
his offense, be inflicted upon him by the sentence of a 
court-martial. 

20. xVll crimes not capital, and all disorders and neg- 
lects of which officers and soldiers may be guilty, to the 
prejudice of good order and military discipline, though 
not mentioned in the foregoing articles of war, are to be 
taken cognizance of by a general or regimental court- 
martial, according to the nature and degree of the of- 
fense, and be punished at their discretion. 

ARTICLE III. 

Honors to he paid by Troops, 

21. The President, -a sovereign, the chief magistrate 
of a foreign nation and members of a royal family 
are saluted with the highest honors, all standards and 
colors dropping, officers and troops saluting, bands, 
trumpets, or field music sounding the President's 
March. 

The artillery salute is twenty-one guns. 

22. The Governor of this State, a General command- 
ing-in-chief, the Admiral, the Vice President, members 
of the Cabinet, the Chief Justice, the Speaker of the 
House of Representatives of the United States are salut- 
ed with standards and colors dropping, officers and troops 
saluting, bands, trumpets or music sounding the Gener- 
al's March. 

The artillery salute is nineteen guns for the Vice Presi- 
dent and seventeen for the other officers. 



8 • HONORS TO BE PAID BY TEOOPS. 

23. The Lieutenant General, the Vice Admiral, Amer- 
ican and foreign envoys and ministers are saluted with 
standards and colors dropping, officers and troops salut- 
ing, trumpets sounding three flourishes, or drums beat- 
ing three ruffles. 

The artillery salute is fifteen guns. 

24. A Major General is saluted with standards and 
colors dropping, officers and troops saluting, trumpets 
sounding two flourishes, or drums beating two ruffles. 

The artillery salute is thirteen guns. 

25. A brigadier general is saluted with standards and 
colors dropping, officers and troops saluting, trumpets 
sounding one flourish, or drums beating one ruffle. 

The artillery salute is eleven guns. 

26 Officers of foreign services visiting any port or sta- 
tion are saluted with honors due to their rank. Colors 
are not to be dropped to any officer below the rank of a 
brigadier general. 

27. A general officer is saluted only once in a year at 
each post or station, and then only when notice of his 
intention to visit the post has been given. Salutes to 
individuals are fired so soon after their arrival as prac- 
ticable. 

28. A national salute will be fired at noon on the an- 
niversary of the Independence of the United States at 
every military post provided with artillery and ammu- 
nition one gun for every State in the Union. 

29. No honors are paid by troops moving in double 
time. 

30. General officers are to be saluted by all bodies o 
troops commanded by officers (f lower grade. The com- 
manding officer is saluted by all bodies of troops or de- 
tachments of his command. 

31. Troops in march salute officers entitled to the 
compliment, and salute other bodies of troops, or return 
their compliments with closed ranks and carried arm.s, 
officers saluting. 

32. Troops upon route marches and at halt on these 
marches as a body, pay no compliments. Troops pass- 
ing the headquarters of an officer superior in rank to 



FUXERAL HONORS. 9 

their commanding officer render the salute to which such 
superior is entitled. 

88. All guards are to turn out and present arms to of- 
ficers entitled to the compliment, so often as they pass 
them, except the personal guards of general officers, 
which turn out only to the general whose guard ihey are 
and to officers his superior in rank 

34. The officers entitled to the compliment of a camp 
guard are: all general officers, the commanding officer, 
whether a field officer or an officer of less rank, and offi- 
cers of the day. 

35. All guards are to be under arms when armed par- 
ties approach their posts, and to parties commanded by 
commissioned officers they are to present arms, drums 
beating a march, officers saluting; to parties command- 
ed by a non-commissioned officer they stand at a carry. 

The national or regimental colors passing a guard or 
other armed body of men are to be saluted, the trumpets 
or field music sounding a march. 

36. When general officers or persons entitled to a sa- 
lute pass in rear of a guard it does not salute, but stands 
at a carry, faced to the front. 

37. No compliments are paid by a guard or troops be- 
tween retreat and reveille. 

38. When an officer enters a room ^gBSSHBBHHBBGBT 
where there are soldiers, the word "attention" is given 
by some one who perceives him, when all rise, remaining 
standing in the position of the soldier, and preserve 
silence until the officer leaves the room or directs other- 
wise. If at mealsor actually at work, they will not rise. 

39 When a ship enters a harbor or passes a fortifica- 
tion and salutes the American flag, the nearest fort or 
battery, or if there are several within six miles, the 
principal one will return the salute with twenty-one 
guns or gun for gun. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Funeral Honors. 

40. Funeral escorts are allowed as follows: General 
commanding-in-chief, a regiment of infantry, a battalion 
of cavalry, and two batteries of artillery ; a lieutenant- 



10 ESCORTS OF HONOR, 

general, a regiment of in'^antry, a battalion of cavalry, 
and a battery of artillery ; a major-general, a regiment of 
infantry, two companies of cavalry, and a battery of ar- 
tillery; a brigadier-general, a regiment of infantry, a 
company of cavalry , and a platoon of artillery ; a colonel , 
a regiment ; a lieutenant-colonel, six companies ; major, 
four companies ; captain, one company: subaltern, half 
a company ; non-commissioned staff-officer and a ser- 
geant, sixteen privates, commanded by a sergeant; cor- 
poral, twelve privates, commanded by a corporal ; pri- 
vate, eight priv tes, commanded by a corporal. An 
officer's escort, when practicable, is commanded by an 
officer of the same grade. 

ARTIOLE Y. 
Escorts of Honor. 

41. Escorts of honor are detailed for the purpose of 
receiving and escorting personages of high rank, civil or 
military. The troops for this purpose are selected for 
their soldierly appearance and superior discipline. The 
escort is drawn up in line, bayonets fixed, the centre op- 
posite the place where the personage presents himself, 
with an interval between the wings to receive him and 
|ltsiqst33cffi^:d^te?^^ on the flank of the escort to ard 
which it will march. On the appearance of the person- 
age, he is received with the honors due to his rank. 
When he has taken his place in the line, the escort is 
formed into a column of companies, platoons, or fours, 
and takes up the march. On leaving, the escort line is 
formed, and the same honors are paid as before. When 
the position of the escort is at a considerable distance 
from the point where the person is to be received, as, for 
instance, where a court-yard or wharf intervenes, a 
double line of sentinels is posted from that point to the 
escort, facing inward, the sentinels successively salute 
as he passes, and are then relieved and join the escort. 
An officer is appointed to attend him, to bear such com- 
munications as he may have to make to the commander 
of the escort. 

42. When a body of troops is to be taken in escort by 
another body of troops, the following regulations will be 



ESCORTS OF HONOR. 11 

observed so far as practicable ; they apply to regiments 
of infantry, but may be applied in principle to any body 
of troops. 

43. The regiment which is to perform the escort will 
be drawn up in line with closed ranks, arms carried, the 
music generally on the flank toward which the regiment 
is to march. The line will be formed in such manner as 
to give the greatest possible room for the march in its 
front of the troops to be escorted, as hereafter provided. 

44. The commanding officer takes post in front of the 
■colors, if there is room ; if not, he t kes post on the 
flank of the regiment nearest the music. If there be not 
room for the field, staff, and non-commissioned staff in 
rear of the regiment as prescribed by tactics, they take 
posts on the line of the front rank, as follows : Field of- 
ficers on the flanks of their respective wings, the staff, 
in order of rank from right to left, on the flank nearest 
the music; the nnn-commissioned stafl" in like order on 
the opposite flank between the field officer and the regi- 
ment. The interval between the music and the regiment 
may be extended for this arrangement. 

45. These dispositions having been made, the officer 
commanding the escort will send an officer to attend the 
officer commanding the troops to be escorted, and to in- 
form him that the escort is in readiness. 

46. The commander cf the troops to be escorted will 
then form them in column of companies, platoons or 
fours, as may be best adapted to the space through 
which they are to pass, and put them in march, an- 
nouncing the guide on the side toward the escort, if in 
column of companies or platoons ; or changing the file- 
closers to the side away from the escort, if not already 
there, if in column of fours. The music plays at the 
command march. 

47. The commander of the escort, upon the approach 
of the troops to be escorted, commands, ^rese/i^ trms and 
keeps his men in this position until his entire line is 
cleared. He then commands, carry arms: and, if tie 
deems expedient, may order arms^ and allow in place rest. 

48. If troops to be escorted pass in this way several 
regiments, each regimental commander gives the neces- 
sary commands to his own regiment. 



12 EsrOKTS OF HONOR. 

49. The music of the regiment which is stationary 
sloes not play ; the field music or trumpeters give three 
ruffles, or sound a march, when the colors of the march- 
ing regiment pass the losition of the music. 

50. All officers of the troops in march salute when 
passing the colors of a regiment, and when passing its 
commanding officer, if he is on its flank. 

51. The troops to be escorted having cleared the front 
of their escort by at least twenty yards, the command- 
ing officer will form line as above prescribed for the es- 
cort, according to the space available. 

52. Upon seeing this disposition complete, the com- 
manding officer of the escort will form in column, and 
march pasi in his turn, as above prescribed. 

5:]. The march is then taken up, the troops to be es- 
corted forming column as soon as their front is cleared, 
and following their escort. 

54. Tf the march is to be lon^* medical officers should 
be sent to the rear of regiments, and all other precau- 
tions possible should be t ken for the comfort of the 
troops. 

55. Upon arriving at the end of the march, the escort 
again forms line, and the troops it has escorted pass it 
as above prescribed. This concludes the ceremony of 
the escort, and the officer who was detailed to attend 
the commanding officer of the troops escorted returns to 
his own command. 

d6. When the escort is a brigade of troops, the com- 
mander and the brigade band will t ke post on the flank 
towards the troops to be escorted. When the troops to 
be escorted are so numerous as to make it impossible for 
the escort to stand at present arms during the march 
past, the commander of the escort will cause arms to be 
presented when the head of the passing brigade reaches 
a point opposite the centre of the escorting force, and 
carry arms when the head of the passing brigade has 
passed beyond the extreme of his command. The music 
of the escort will give three ruffles as the colors of each 
regiment pass. Colors will salute each other by low- 
ering the standard as they pass. 



SALUTES. 13 

ARTICLE TI. 

Salutes by Officers. 

57. All officers salute each other, the inferior making- 
the first salute. 

58. Officers under arms salute with the sword or hand, 
accordinir as the sword is drawn or in the scabbard. 

59. Officers salute with the sword or hand in making 
and receiving all official reports, the junior making the 
first salute 

60. On official occasions, officers, when under arms in 
doors, do not uncover, but they salute with the sword 
or hand, according as the sword is drawn or in the scab- 
bard ; when in doors and not under arms, they uncover 
and stand at attention, but do not salute. 

61. An officer mounted, dismounts before addressing 
a superior officer not mounted. 

62. Officers in citizen's dress are saluted in the same 
manner as when in uniform. 

68. Officers salute as prescribed in the tactics, the 
palm of the hand towards the head. 

64. Officers in uniform, out of doors, will on no occa- 
sion remove their hats and caps in saluting or returning 
salutes, except as follows, viz : 

I. The officer of the day when the guard passes in 
review removes his hat, holding it over the left shoulder. 

II. An officer reviewing troops acknowledges the pre- 
sent arms of the troops in line and the salute of the col- 
onels and of the colors, when passing him in review, by 
raising his hat. 

III. An officer receiving compliments from bodies of 
troops carrying colors, will return the color salute and 
that of the colonels and higher officers by raising his hat. 

65. Officers must acknowledge all salutes given them 
by saluting in return. 

QQ, When several officers in company are saluted, all 
who are entitled to the salute return it, but when troops 
are passing in review , only the reviewing officer acknowl- 
edges the salute given by the colors and officers. 



14 SALUTES. 

ARTICLE YII. 

Salutes by non-commissioned Officers and Privates. 

67. Sergeants with swords drawn will salute by 
bringing them to a present; with muskets by bringing 
the left hand across the body, palm down, so as to strike 
the musket near the shoulder Corporals, out of ranks, 
and privates, not sentries in a box, will bring their mus- 
kets to a carry as sergeants and salute in a like manner. 

08. In paying compliments, sergeants in ranks or act- 
ing as file closers, salute at command present arms ^ the 
same as privates. 

t*9. Whenever a soldier without arms passes an officer 
he salutes with the hand farthest from the officer, palm 
down. A soldier mounted salutes with the right hand. 

70. A soldier being seated and without particular oc- 
cupation, rises on the approach of an officer, faces to- 
wards him and salutes; if standing, he faces towards him 
for the same purpose If the parties remain on the same 
ground such compliments need not be repeated. 

71. If actually at work soldiers do not cease it to sa- 
lute an officer unless addressed by him. 

72. A soldier or non-commissioned officer, when he 
addresses an officer or is spoken to by one, salutes ; on 
receiving the answer or communication from the officer,, 
he again salutes on turning to go away. 

73. A non-commissioned officer or private in command 
of a detachment without arms, salutes all officers with the 
hand. If the detachment be armed, the pieces are first 
brought to a carry and the non-commissioned officer or 
private salutes as prescribed for a sergeant. 

74 Soldiers marching in ranks without arms do not 
salute. 

75. When a soldier armed enters an officer's quarters 
he simply makes the required salute and does not take 
off his cap, but without arms or side arms only, he takes 
off his cap and stands in the position of a soldier and de- 
livers his message, or communicates what he came for, 
in as few words as possible and to the point. 

76. When a soldier enters an officer's quarters he re- 
mains standing in the position of a soldiCr until invited 
to sit down. 



SALUTES. 15 

77. When soldiers are in a room and an officer enters, 
they rise and remain standing until invited to sit down. 

78. When a soldier approaches a tent to speak to an 
officer inside, he will stop outside in the position of a 
soldier. If he can be seen by the officer, he will salute 
and deliver his message, not entering unless invited. 
Should the officer not see him, he will speak the name of 
the officer and then salute. Upon leaving, and when out- 
side the tent, the salute is repeated, the soldier facing 
the officer for that purpose. If the front of the tent is 
closed, the soldier will speak the name of the officer and 
will await his answer, without saluting. If the officer 
invites him in, he will uncover, not saluting. If, to an- 
swer him, the officer appears, the customary salute will 
be given ; if then invited in, the cap is removed. 

79. No salutes are ever given when the head is uncov- 
ered. 

SO. A mounted soldier before addressing an officer not 
mounted, dismounts and salutes. 

81. The sergeant's salute is also used by corporals 
and privates out of ranks, armed with muskets, when 
not sentinels, in saluting all officers, all troops, and the 
colors. 

82. Where an infantryman salutes with a sergeanVs 
.*?aZw#6 dismounted artillery and cavalry soldiers with sa- 
bers drawn, present sabers. Where infantrymen sa- 
lute with carry arms,., ■dlsxaQunted.i^oldiers salute with 
carry sabers. " ' 

83. As concerns military etiquette, a large armory 
with a reception or business room attached, and an arm- 
ory while troops are in it under arms, may be considered 
as out-of-doors. A small armory without a reception or 
business room should, unless troops are in it under 
arms, be considered as in-doors. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Salutes by Sentinels. 

84. Sentinels salute generals, colonels, lieutenant- 
colonels, majors, officers of the day, commanding offi 
cers and armed bodies of troops commanded by a com- 
missioned officer, and the colors, with. present arms. 



16 RAA'K AND C03IMAND. 

85. Sentinels salute captains and lieutenants not offi- 
cers of the day nor commanding officers, and detach- 
ments commanded by non-commissioned officers, with 
the sergeant's salute. 

86. Upon the approach of a party entitled to a salute, 
sentinels halt, face outward from the place they guard, 
and when the parties approach in front or rear to within 
six paces, the salute is given. The sentinel remains in 
this position until the party has had time to pass six 
paces, when the salute is ended and the sentinel faces 
right or left and resumes his walk. 

87. A sentry in a box salutes by standing at an order 
a^ms and striking the musket with the left hand, the 
same as is done in the sergeant's salute. 

88. The same courtesies are to be extended to officers 
and troops of the navy and marine corps of the United 
States and to individuals referred to in sections 21 and 
26, inclusive. 

89. Between retreat and reveille sentinels do not sa- 
lute. Between retreat and dusk, when sentinels com- 
mence challenging, and daylight and reveille, they stand 
at a carry arms, faced to the proper point, upon the ap- 
proach of all officers and troops entitled to compliments. 

90. Where an infantryman salutes b}^ presenting arms, 
a dismounted soldier presents arms. Where an infantry- 
man uses the sergeant's salute, a dismounted soldier 
with saber Hyown wiu|n]^i^ ^||^ j^.ii.^|!ih i . 

A R T I C L E IX. 
Rank and Command. 

91. Officers and non-commissioned officers take rank in 
the order following : 

Major-General, 

Brigadier-General , 

Colonel, 

Lieutenant-Colonel, 

Major, 

Captain, 

First Lieutenant, 

Second Lieutenant, 

Sergeant-Major, 



CLASSIFICATIOX. 17 

Quartermaster Sergeant, 
Commissary Sergeant, 
Hospital Steward, 
First Sergeant, 
Sergeant, 
Corporal. 

92. Officers of different arms, commissioned on the 
same day, rank thus, artiller}^, cavalry, infantry. 

93. Officers and non-commissioned officers of the same 
grade take rank according to the date of their commis- 
sions or warrants. 

94. When commissions and warrants are of the same 
date reference is made to, 1st, rank in the United States 
Army, regular or volunteer service ; 2nd, service in the 
United States Army, regular or volunteer; 3rd, rank or 
service in the National Guard ; 4th, lots to be drawn. 

95. Staff officers shall not assume command of troops 
when an officer of the line is present on duty therewith. 
When no commissioned officer is present on duty they 
will, by virtue of their commissions, assume command 
of all enlisted men. 

96. When troops of different commands happen to 
join, move, or do duty together, the officer highest in 
rank of the line will assume command of the whole and 
give the necessary order for their arrangement, unless 
otherwise especially directed by competent authority. 

97. Officers in the regular service outrank volunteer 
or militia officers of the same grade. 



ARTICLE X. 

Classification, 

98. The National Guard may be classified as follows : 

I. General officers, viz : 

One Major-General, 
Five Brigadier Generals. 

II. Staff officers, viz.: 

Such officers as are commissioned to assist the com- 



18 AURANGEMENT OF TROOPS. 

mander-in-chief or commanding officers in the general 
duties of their office or in special departments. 
III. The Line, viz : 

Artillery, 

Cavalry, 

Infantry. 

AR T I C LE XI. 

Arrangement of Troops, 

99. When on parade, troops are arranged in regular 
order, infantry, artillery, cavalry. In each arm troops 
are arranged in regular order, thus : United States regu- 
lars, United States volunteers, militia, military organ- 
izations with chartered rights, whose officers are not in 
commission. 

100. Brigades are formed in regular order, according to 
the rank of the commander, the senior first, the second 
in rank second, and so on. Regiments are formed in the 
same manner. 

101. Companies are formed thus, the senior captain 
takes place with his company on the right of the regi- 
ment, the second in rank on the left, the third on the 
right of the center, and so on, as prescribed in Upton's 
tactics. 

102. On other occasions, brigades and regiments are as- 
signed positions by the commander, as he may deem ex- 
pedient. 

ARTICLE XII, 

Organization of New Companies. 

103. Fifty or more citizens desiring to organize a com- 
pany will, upon a proper blank, to be had from the ad- 
jutant-general's office, or brigade headquarters, petition 
the commander-in-chief to be allowed to complete the 
organization and elect officers for the company. The pe- 
tition, attested by the mayor of a city or a commissioner 
of a county, will be forwarded to the brigade command- 
er, who will duly forward it in turn, accompanying it 
with a communication stating he knows of the general 
character of the petitioners, to what regiment the com- 



ORGANIZATIOX OF NEAV I 03IPANIES. 19 

pany from its locality should be attached, and with such 
remarks as he may deem advisable in the case. 

104. The active person in recruiting the company 
should sign the petition first, as to the first petitioner 
the books and papers are sent, and upon him should de- 
volve the business of the company until the permanent 
officers are elected. 

105. If the petition should be granted, the brigade 
commander will be so notified, and will be authorized to 
order an election of officers. A special order will then 
be issued, addressed to the persons first named in the 
petition, to whom a full supply of company books and 
blanks will be sent. This person should proceed at once 
to recruit the company as prescribed below, so as to have 
no delay at the time of the election. Among the blamks 
will be enlistment papers, which each petitioner or re- 
cruit should sign in duplicate, in addition to signing the 
enlistment book, as prescribed by law The signing of 
either will be a legal enlistment. 

106. The roll in the company enlistment book will be 
considered the original roll of the company referred to in 
the laws governing the National Guard. The names of 
such persons as are not present at the election and have 
not signed the enlistment book, but who have enlisted 
by signing the enlistment papers, will be entered in pen- 
cil in the enlistment book as members of the company^ 
until such time as each can sign the book. 

107. In the absence of a medical officer any physician 
in good standing may certify as to the physical condition 
of recruits. He can, however, have no legal claim against 
the company or State for such services. 

108. The recruits will be sworn into service by the 
officer holding the election, or by any staff, field or gen- 
eral officer, and such officer shall so note it on the enlist- 
ment papers. 

109. Until fifty enlistments have been recorded in the 
book as prescribed above, no election can be proceeded 
with. 

110. Members whose names are in pencil in the com- 
pany enlistment book, must be represented by the dupli- 
cate enlistment papers, provided they are necessary to 



20 OPvGAXIZATIOX OF NEW COMPANIES. 

make up the minimum number of men. Their papers 
need not necessarily be signed hj a mustering and medi- 
cal officer, but it should be done if possible. 

111. The maximum allowed to a company is sixty en- 
listed men. 

112. The officer presiding at the election must rank so 
high as captain, and before proceeding to the election he 
will satisfy himself that the roll bears the names of fifty 
bona fide enlisted men, that ten days' notice of the elec- 
tion has been given by publication of the special order in 
a well-circulated local newspaper, or that the members 
of the company have had in other ways ten days' notice, 
and he will see that each man present, before he votes, 
has signed both enlistment papers and the enlistment 
book and has been duly sworn. He will also read the 
special order, authorizing the election. 

113. All votes must be cast by written or printed bal- 
lot, and a majority of the votes elect. At least forty 
members must be present at the first election of a com- 
pany. 

114. The presiding officer, if a stafi* officer, or if above 
the rank of captain, will swear the elected officers, if 
present, into service, and he will forward all the papers 
in the case, including duplicate enlistment papers, to 
hrigade headquarters. 

115 If a company is specially recruited for a particu- 
lar regiment all the papers will pass through regimental 
Jieadquarters. 

116. The elected captain will, unless otherwisenotified, 
assume command of the company and proceed to fill up 
and forward his bond and requisitions. 

117. Elections may be adjourned only twice, and not ^x- 
ceeding two days each time ; after that, before an elec- 
tion can be held, another special order will be necessary 
with the ten days' notice. 

118. All adjournments or failures to assemble at the 
time designated will be promptly reported to brigade 
headquarters by the officer detailed to preside, and by 
the person to whom the special order is addressed. 

119. The elected captain will promptly prepare and 
forward to the adjutant-general, through the proper 



KECRUITS— IXSTRUCTIOX OF. 21 

channels, an alphabetical roll of his company, as it ap- 
peared at the time of elections. 

120. Wording for enlistment by books : We ^ the under- 
signed^ having enlisted in the Nevtional Guard of Pennsyl- 
vania^ and helving joined company, regiment , hrig- 

eide, do hereby eigree to faithfully discharge all the duties re- 
quired hi/ theJaxs g nerning theXationat Guard of this State 
and the by-laws, rules and regulations of this corps. 

NAMES. I AGE. | RESIDENCE. | OGCUPATION. 

121. The naming of a company after an officer in the 
National Guard service is objectionable, and it should 
never be done. 

ARTICLE XTII. 

Recruits— Instruction of. 

122. Recruits should not have arms put in their hands 
until first properly instructed in the position of a soldier, 
in saluting with the hand, in marching and in wheeling; 
their attention while learning these j)rinciples being de- 
sired to them only. A non-commissioned officer, under 
the directions of an officer, is the instructor, and he 
should be most particular in this duty. The salute must 
be tiught as in Upton, and made with precision. 

This "setting up" is of the utmost importance, as a 
model company cannot be obtained without individual 
excellence, and captains should see that it is properly 
and thoroughly done, as each recruit comes into the 
service. • 

ARTICLE XIY. 

Elections and Appointnients. 

123. The major-general and the brigadier-generals are 
appointed by the Governor, with the approval of the 
Senate. 

124. Field officers are elected by the written or printed 
votes of the company officers. 

125. Company officers are elected by the written or 
printed votes of the enlisted men of the company. 

126. Staff officers are appointed by the generals, colo- 



22 ELECTIOX AND APPOIXTMEXTS. 

nels or majors, on whose staffs they serve, subject to the 
approval of the commander-in-chief 

1-^7. Colonels and majors of battalion appoint their 
own non-commissioned staff, and captains appoint the 
non-commissioned company officers. To such non-com- 
missioned officers a certificate of rank is issued, signed 
by the colonel or major of battalion, and countersigned 
by the adjutant. For good and sufficient reasons a colo- 
nel may disapprove the appointment of non-commis- 
sioned officers. 

128. The brigade commander, upon specific authority 
from the adjutant-general's office, orders all elections for 
officers in his brigade, and in the order designates the 
time and place of holding the election, and the officer 
who will preside thereat. The officer detailed for such 
service must be equal or superior in rank to the officer 
to be elected, and he will, before proceeding to the elec- 
tion, read the special order convening the electors to 
them, and will satisfy himself that the required ten days 
notice has been given to them. 

129. Electors will assemble in uniform, except for the 
election of field officers, when the company officers who 
have any distance to travel may appear in citizen's dress. 
Proxies are not allowed. 

130. An election may be adjourned not oftener than 
iwice nor exceeding two days at a time. After that an- 
'Other special order from brigade head quarters, with 
the ten days' notice, will be necessary. 

131. The offilcer detailed to preside at an election, or, in 
Tiis absence, the senior officer present, will immediately 
report to brigade headquarters any adjournment and the 
reason therefor. 

132. In case of the promotion by election of an offi- 
cer who is present and accepts the promotion, the elec- 
tors will pr@ceed to fill the new vacancy, provided it 
occurs in the same corps. 

133. Before a commission is issued to an officer, he will 
be examined by the military board of the brigade, unless 
circumstances prevent an examinat on at the time In 
such a case the commission may be issued and the exam- 
ination made at a subsequent time. 



ENLISTMEXTS— KESiaXATIOXS. 23 

134. When a vacancy occurs in a regiment or company 
by reason of expiration of term of service of an officer, 
the brigade commander may order an election to fill the 
vacancy without specific authority from the adjutant- 
general's office. 

135. When in the service of the United States, officers 
for regiments are appointed bythe Governor. 

ARTICLE XY. 

JEnlistments. 

136. A person desiring to enlist in a particular company 
in the National Guard, will make application to the mem- 
bers of the companv, upon a blank (form 2) prepared for 
the purpose, if accepted, he will be examined by a sur- 
geon of the regiment, or by any surgeon or physician 
designated by the regimental or independent company 
commander, and if passed, will sign the enlistment book, 
two enlistment papers, and be sworn into service by the 
company commander. The term of enlistment is for five 
years. 

137. No one under sixteen nor above forty-five years 
of age, nor under 5 ft. 3 inches in height shall be enlisted 
except as musicians Between the ages of sixteen and 
twentj^-one, the written consent of the parent or guar- 
dian will be required. 

ARTICLE XYI. 

Eesignations. 

138. The Resignation of an officer shall be made upon 
the blank prepared for that purpose, or similar in form 
to it, and will be forwarded through the proper channels 
to the Adjutant General, to whom it is addressed ; each 
intermediate commander will endorse the paper. 

139. If an officer in arrest tenders his resignation, a 
copy'of the charges against him, or in the absence of writ- 
ten charges, a report of the case shall accompany the 
resignation. 

140. Any officer, who having tendered his resignation, 
(juits his post or proper duties without leave, and with 
intent to remain permanently therefrom, prior to due 
notice and acceptance of the same, shall be deemed and 
punished as a deserter. 



24 DISCHARGES— BY-LAWS. 

A R T I C L E XVII. 

Discliarges. 

141. An officer may be discharged by the commander- 
in-chief: 

I. At his own request. 

II. Upon address of both Houses of the Legislature 
to the Governor. 

Ill* Upon absence, without leave, for one year. 

lY. When he has removed his residence out of the 
bounds of his command to so great a distance that in 
the opinion of the major-general it is inconvenient for 
him to exercise his command. 

Y. Upon sentence of court martial. 

YI. When it appears to the commander-in-chief that 
he has become unable or unfit to discharge the duties of 
his office, or to exercise proper authority over his infe- 
rior officers and soldiers, or that he has been convicted 
of an infamous crime 

YII. Upon failure to pass the board of examiners, or 
to appear before them. 

YIII. Upon the disbandment of his command. 

IX. If a staff officer, upon the request of his comman- 
der, or upon the discharge of his commander. 

142. An enlisted man may be discharged: 

I. Upon sentence of court martial. 

II. By the colonel of the regiment, or by the captain 
of an independent company. 

III. By the muster out of his company. 
lY. To accept a commission. 

Y. On account of physical disability. 

ARTICLE XYIII. 

By-Laivs. 

X43. By-Laws, rules and regulations may be enacted 
by a vote of two-thirds of the members of a company, 
and when approved officially by the major general, they 
will have the same force as laws of the State so far as 
the officers and enlisted men of that company are co n- 
cerned. They may be altered by a two-thirds vote 



DESEFvTIONS— ABSENCE WITHOUT LEAVE. 25 

*"of the company with the approval of the major gen- 
eral 

The by-laws of a company should clearly specify the 
times for regular drills, the punishment to be imposed 
for non-attendance of drills, and for non-attendance of 
properly ordered inspections 

For a violation of the by-laws, an enlisted man may, 
upon confirmation in general orders by the colonel or 
captain of independent company, be expelled by the 
company, and an officer be brought before a court mar- 
tial and dismissed the service. 

ARTICLE XTX. 

Desertions, 

144. Any officer who having received pay or having 
been duly enlisted in the service of the United States, 
(or of Pennsylvania) deserts the same, or any officer or 
soldier who deserts or persuades any other officer or sol- 
dier to desert the servise of the United States, shall, in 
time of war, suffer death or such other punishment as a 
court martial may direct, and in time of peace any pun- 
ishment, excepting death, which a court martial may di- 
rect. 

145. Xo non-commissioned otficer or soldier shall en- 
list himself in any other regiment, troop or company, 
without a regular discharge from the regiment, troop or 
company in which he last served, on penalty of being 
reputed a deserter and suffering accordingly. 

ARTICLE XX. 

Absences without Leave. 

146. Every soldier, ordered out for active duty, or 
who shall volunteer or be drafted, who does not appear 
at the time and place designated ** **^^-^« 
or who has not some able-bodied and pr^kper substitute 
at suck time and place, or does not furnish a reasonable 
excuse for such non-appearance * * * * shall be 
liable to such punishment as a court martial may deter- 
mine. 

147. Any officer or soldier wholiesout of his quarters. 



26 LEAVE OF ABSENCE, FURLOUGHS AND PASSES. 

garrison or camp , without leave from his superior oflicer , '* 
shall be punished as a court martial may direct. 

148. Any soldier who absents himself from his troop, 
battery, company or detachment, without leave from his 
commanding officer, shall be punished as a court martial 
may direct. 

149. Any officer or soldier who fails except when pre- 
vented by sickness or other necessity, to repair at the 
fixed time to the place of parade, exercise or other ren- 
dezvous, appointed by his commanding officer, or who 
goes from the same without leave from his commanding 
officer, before his dismissal or being relieved, shall be 
punished as a court martial may direct. 

150. Any soldier who is found one mile from camp 
without leave in writing from his commanding officer, 
shall be punished as a court martial may direct. 

151. Any soldier who quits his guard, platoon or di- 
vision without leave from his superior officer, except in 
case of urgent necessity, shall be punished as a court 
martial may direct. 

ARTICLE XXI. 

Leaves of Absence^ Furloughs and Passes. 

152. When troops are on duty under law or orders, 
the highest commander will regulate the issue of leaves 
of absence to officers and of furloughs to enlisted men. 
When the demands of the service will permit, regimental 
commanders may issue passes to enlisted men, not ex- 
ceeding twenty-four hours each, in time. The number 
of passes to each company at one time will be limited. 

153. When on the march passes may be granted by 
the captain to such men as majr have to leave the ranks 
temporarily, and by the captain upon the approval of 
the medical officer, to such as may become sick and un- 
able to keep up. These passes must be in writing, and 
the first sergeant must keep a record of them; great care 
should, however, be taken in the exercise of this privi- 
lege. 

154. Leaves of absence and furloughs will be made in 
the form of a special order and no other mode of granting 
them will be recognized. 



ARRESTS AND CONFINEMENTS. 27 

ARTICLE XXII. 

Arrests and Confinements. 

155. None but commanding officers have power to 
place officers under arrest, except for of^ences'expressly 
designated in the following paragraph: 

156. Every officer shall have power to part and quell 
quarrels, frays, and disorders, regardless of the rank and 
position of those concerned in them, whether such per- 
sons belong to his own or another regiment, company, 
or corps ; and in such cases to order officers into arrest 
and soldiers into confinement, until their proper superior 
officer or officers are notified thereof, ^uch notice to be 
immediately made or sent ; and whosoever shall refuse 
to obey, or shall resist such an officer, though of inferior 
rank, or who shall draw a weapon upon him, or upon 
any non-commissioned officer or soldier called to assist 
him, shall be punished at the discretion of a court martial. 

157. An officer under arrest will not wear his sword, 
or visit officially his commanding, or other superk>r offi- 
cer, unless sent for; and in case of business, he will 
make known his object in writing. 

158. Officers are not to be put in arrest for light of- 
fenses For these, the censure of the commanding of- 
ficer will, in most cases, aiJiswer the purposes of disci- 
pline. 

159. If an officer, or soldier against whom charges have 
been preferred and approved, and upon whom a court- 
martial is ordered, shall not have been placed in arrest, 
the authority ordering the court shall , at the time of such 
ordering, cause the arrest to be made. 

160. An officer in arrest may have his limits fixed by 
his commanding officer at the time of his arrest. Close con- 
finement is not to be resorted to, unless under circum- 
stances of an aggravated character. Unless in close ar- 
rest, when he is restricted to his quarters, an officer may 
go to and from his mess-house, if within the limits of 
the post. 

161. Medical officers maybe required to discharge their 
ordinary duties while under arrest, and in ordinary 
cases, and where inconvenience to the service would re- 



28 ARRESTS AND CONFIXEMEXTS. 

suit from it, a medical officer will not be put in arrest 
until the court martial for his trial convenes. 

162. Non-commissioned officers for ordinary offenses are 
placed in arrest ; only in grave cases are they put in con- 
finement, and, if confinement is approved, reduction 
shall immediately follow. 

163. Private soldiers and musicians aregenerally placed 
in confinement, unless their offenses are of such a light 
nature that immediate punishment, sanctioned by cus- 
tom, or law, and not requiring confinement or court mar- 
tial, is sufficient. 

164. On the march, company officers and non-commis- 
sioned officers in arrest follow in the rear of their respec- 
tive companies, unless otherwise specially ordered ; field 
officers, commissioned and non-commissioned staff offi- 
cers, under the same circumstances follow in the rear of 
their respective regiments. Other persons in arrest will 
be under the conduct of a camp-guard, or a detachment 
from it- 

165. Company commanders will inquire into the cir- 
cumstances of any offense before ordering or confirming 
the confinement of a soldier. Except to restrain violent 
men and disturbers of the peace and preserve the good 
order of the company or garrison, soldiers will not be 
confined by non-commissioned officers^ and in every case 
such confinement will be immediately reported to the 
immediate commanding officer of the soldier confined. 

166. No officer or non-commissioned officer should lay 
kands on a soldier when inferiors are present or within 
call, who can be ordered to secure him, nor should a 
drunken man be confined in the same room with other 
prisoners when he can beplaced in a separate room or cell. 

167. Prisoners placed under guard, with written charges 
signed by an officer, will not be released, except by direc- 
tion of the commanding officer, 

168. The arms and accoutrements of soldiers in arrest 
or confinement will be deposited with the first sergeants 
of ftompanies. Should it be deemed unsafe to allow the 
prisoners on a march to carry their arms, they will be 
transported with the baggage of the company; otherwise 
the prisoners will be made to carry them. 



CHARGES. 29 

169. An officer in arrest is under no pretext to quit his 
tent, or quarters, while serving with troops, dressed 
otherwise than in uniform, but without his sword. 

170. Whenever any officer shall be charged with a 
crime, he shall be arrested and confined in his barracks, 
quarters or tent, and deprived of his sword by the com- 
manding officer. And any officer who shall leave his 
confinement before he be set at liberty by his com- 
manding officer, or by a superior offilcer, shall be cash- 
iered. 

171. No officer or soldier shall be arrested on civil pro- 
cess, while going to, remaining at or returning from a 
place where he is ordered to attend for election of officers 
or military duty. 

172. The arrest of an officer or the confinement of a 
soldier, will, so soon as practicable, be reported to his 
immediate commander. 



ARTICLE XXIII. 

Charges. 

173. Charges may be preferred by any officer or soldier 
against any officer, soldier, sutler, or retainer to a camp. 

174. Charges are written out and forwarded through 
the proper channels to the officer competent to appoint 
a court martial. 

175. The offense of which a court martial can take cog- 
nizance must be prohibited by some law of Congress, 
law of the State, or be a violation of established custom, 
or of the by-laws of a company. 

176. The charges must state clearly and distinctly 
some military of^nse of which the accused is alleged to 
be guilty ; so that he may know precisely the offence of 
which he is accused. 

177. The specifications to the charge must allege cer- 
tain specified acts done by the accused which are sup- 
posed to constitute the general offense named in the 
charge, and the name and rank shall be given in full. 

178. Charges shall be subscribed by the officer making 
them ; if he prefer charges by direction of a court or 



30 ORDEES. 

board, or by order of a higher authority, he should so 
state over his signature. 

179. Distinct facts are not to be included in the same 
charge or specification, but must appear in distinct 
charges or specifications. 

180. OflScers and soldiers will be held amenable to the 
military law and tribunals for offenses committed by 
them, while on duty or not ; and they will be deemed to 
be on duty during the performance of any service which 
may be lawfully required of them, or which they may 
voluntarily perform, and while going to and returning 
from the performance of such service. 

ARTICLE XXXIV. 

Orders^ 

181. Printed or written orders to troops are either gen- 
eral or special, and each class is numbered consecutive- 
ly by itself, commencing at the beginning of each year at 
number one. In referring to an order, the class, num- 
ber, and year, should be given. 

182. General Orders are such as it is desirable the 
whole command should know, and in general relate to 
the organization, administration, and discipline of the 
command. 

183. Special Orders are such as relate to particular ob- 
jects or persons in such a manner as to affect only the 
person or parts of a command to which they refer. 

184. Forms for Orders. 

[For a Brigade.] 
Headquarters, Brigade N. G. P. 



General [or special) Orders, 
No 



Jan. 6th, 1879. 



By command of 

Brigadier General. 



Assistant Adjutant General. 



ORDERS. 31 

[For a Kegiment.] 
Headquarters, Regiment N. G. P. 

J AX*. 10, 1879. 

General (or special) Orders^ 
No 

^ Tf ^ ^ 4f -K- -K- 

By order of 

Colonel 

Adjutant. 
[For a Company.] 

CoMpAXY , Reg. N.G. P. 

Jan! 12, 1879. 

General [or special] Orders, 
No 

^ ^ ^ ^ ■-;$■ -K- ^ 



Captain. 

185. A company omits the word "head-quarters" 
from its papers, it being the unit of organization. 

186. Orders, or copies of orders, will be sent through 
or from the intermediate commanders to all officers 
whom they concern. 

187. General orders will be read to troops at their reg- 
ular regimental or company parades, and a copy of a spe- 
cial order pertaining to an enlisted man, will be furnish- 
ed to that man. 

188. In passing from each head-quarters copies of or- 
ders will be vouched for by the Assistant Adjutant Gen- 
eral, or Adjutant, as authentic, by marking and signing 
them in the lower left hand corner. 

Official, 

Ass't Adj. Gen'l. 

Official. 

Adjutant. 

189. A Captain signs all orders made by him, and he 
furnishes a copy of any special order relating to a Lieu- 



32 ORDEKS. 

tenant or enlisted man of his company, to that person, 
marking it "Official," and signing his name and rank, 
unless the provisions of Section 193 are complied with, 
which is the proper manner of issuing special orders. 

190. When orders are printed for general distribution, 
the names of the Assistant Adjutant General issuing or 
certifying to the orders may be printed in, but in such 
cases the Assistant Adjutant General and Adjutant 
must send with each issue made by or through him, a 
copy of the order, duly signed by hira, marked in the 
lower left hand corner. For regimental head-quarters , or 
to Captain , as the case may be. 

191. An order with signatures of officers printed in, 
will have full weight with the person receiving it, if it 
comes to him in such a manner as to cause no doubt of 
its authenticity. Should a doubt arise, the person will 
upon its receipt report the order in full to his immediate 
superior. 

192. Orders whose nature leave no discretionary pow- 
er in intermediate commanders to modify or suspend 
them are transmitted direct to the officer under whose 
immediate authority they are to be executed, copies be- 
ing furnished to intermediate commanders. 

193. The authority issuing special orders should fur- 
nish a copy of them to each person interested, through 
the intermediate commanding officers. Each copy is ad- 
dressed in the lower left hand corner to the person for 
whom it is intended, adding below the address ''through 

headquarters.''^ 

A special order in this form is not vouched for by the 
Adjutant by marking ''Official," but is endorsed by him 
on the back, ^'' Respect f idly transmitted ^^'^ as prescribed 
for other communications. 

194. Orders may be sent in the form of letters through 
intermediate commanders. 

195. When the want of time requires that an order 
should be sent direct to an officer, a copy of the order 
must be furnished immediately to the intermediate com- 
manders, the same as if it were the original order, but 
marked *''Copy^ original sent d'rect,''^ 

196. In case of an emergency, an order may be sent by 



ORDERS. 33 

telegraph. This must, however, be followed by a writ- 
ten order made out in due form and properly transmit- 
ted. The receipt of important ordersby telegraph should 
be acknowledged by telegraph. 

197. Each commander will have recorded in books for 
the purpose, in regular order, all orders issued by or 
through him; or received by him. General orders must 
be in consecutive numbers, and any missing order will 
be sent for and inserted. Only such special orders as 
pertain to officers or troops in that command, require 
recording at head quarters or in company order books. 

198. Order books and all other books of record are state 
property, and form part of the military department 
papers; and as such, are to be properly cared for and 
to be turned over by an officer to his successor in office. 

199. An order should be brief and simple in its word- 
ing, and so plain as to be readily understood by anyone. 

200. An officer receiving an order, may require it put 
in writing and duly signed by the staff officer giving it, 
but he cannot refuse to obey if he cannot get the written 
order. 

201. As a general rule the last order received must be 
obeyed. 

202. In case the last order is in violation of a pre- 
vious one given by a common superior, the junior officei 
upon whom the execution devolves, when it involves no 
delay in the execution of the order, must make the fact 
known to the officer giving the last order. If the order 
is then reiterated, it must be obeyed, the responsibility 
being with the officer issuing it. 

203. A general order and an important special order 
must be read and approved by the officer wnose order it 
is , before it is issued by the staff officer. Less important 
orders relating to the details of the service, may be is- 
sued by the proper staff officer, in conformity to general 
instructions previously given by the commander; or 
conforming to previous action in similar cases. 

204. Sometimes only copies of sections of a special or- 
der are transmitted. In such cases, the usual form will 
befollowed,but the word eic^rac^ will be noted and the sec- 
tion copied will be numbered as in the original order. Thus 



84 CIKCT'LAKS. 

Headquarters, N. G. P., 
Adjutant-General's Office, 
Harrisburg, Mat 10th, 1879. 
Special Orders, 

No [Extract.] 

lY. Company K, 40th Reg. is hereby disbanded. 

By command of 

Governor and Commander-in-Chief. 

Oificial, Adjutant-General. 

Asst. Adj. Genl. 

ARTICLE XXY. 

Circulars. 

205. For the general instruction and information of 
troops, circulars are used. They are governed by the 
same rules and customs in issue, transmission and num- 
bering, as general orders. Instructions contained in 
circulars will have due consideration, and be promptly 
complied with. 

ARTICLE XXYI. 

Correspondence . 

206. In addressing an officer by letter, his rank pre- 
cedes the name, and his office or command follows it on 
the next line; m referring to an officer, the rank pre- 
cedes the name. (Section228. a.) n^ »^ n 

207. An officer signing his name to official papers al- 
ways follows it by the rank. (Section 228. b.) 

208. An assistant adjutant general or adjutant signs 
his name with the office, without the rank, which is 
supposed to be known by the office (a). 

209 A commanding officer exercising his proper com- 
mand, does not use the word "commanding," when he 



rORKESPOXDENCE. 35 

signs his name and rank, nor will he be addressed as 
"commanding." His rank denotes this. (a). 

210. An officer filling a higher office than his rank in- 
dicates, will be addressed and will sign himself as 
''commanding" (b). 

211. Official correspondence between a brigade com- 
mander and his subordinates, including his own staff, 
will usually be signed by the assistant adjutant gen- 
eral. 

212. Official correspondence between a regimental 
commander and his subordinates, including his own. 
staff, will usually be signed by the adjutant. 

213. A commander may himself correspond with his. 
staffer subordinate officers, but official communications- 
for him from his subordinates must be addressed to his^ 
assistant adjutant general or adjutant. 

214. All correspondence between officers representing- 
different grades of command will pass through the inter- 
mediate comnianders, u there be any (b). Thus a cap- 
tain of a company desiring to communicate with a brig- 
ade commander, forwards the paper to regimental head- 
quarters, addressing the cover to the adjutant from> 
where it is forwarded by the colonel to brigade head- 
quarters. A communication from a private soldier to 
the commander-in-chief should pass through his com- 
pany commander and through regimental, brigade and 
division headquarters and vice ve 'sa. 

215. Passing through each headquarters a communi- 
cation will be properly endorsed, receiving notes of such 
remarks and opinions as may be deemed advisable in th@r 
case. 

216. When a communication addressed to an officer or- 
soldier, to reach him, has to pass through intermediate- 
commanders, the first command through which it passes 
will be noted by the writer on the lower left hand corner 
(b); all intermediate commanders will then endorse on? 
the back, as prescribed under the head oi endorsement. 

217. Officers and soldiers are prohibited from sending 
communications of any kind, whether on usual military 
business or complaining of grievances, except through 
the proper military channels; applications made in any 



86 COKRESPOXDEXCE. 

other mode will not be entertained, but will be consid- 
ered a breach of military discipline. 

218. When special circumstances require a communi- 
cation to be sent direct, the circumstances will be slated 
in the communication, and a copy of the paper will be 
furnished to the intermediate officers. 

219. A staff officer when communicating the orders or 
instructions of his commander, will premise by, "I am 
directed, &c.," and will sign his own name and rank. 

220. Officers having equal commands, although not 
having the same rank, will sign communications to each 
other; thus a captain commanding one regiment will 
sign communications to a colonel commanding another 
regiment. 

221. All important communications between officers 
of the same staff department will pass through the as- 
sistant adjutant general's or adjutant's office of their 
own and intermediate commanders. Thus a quarter 
master of division, in addressing a regimental quarter- 
master, will send the paper to the division assistant ad- 
jutant general, who will transmit it through interme- 
diate commanders to regimental headquarters. The 
adjutant delivers it to the regimental quartermas- 
ter. The paper will be properly endorsed at each 
headquarters. Routine business is usually conducted 
between different staffs by staff officers in person, and 
where a matter is purely one of departmental concern, it 
is allowable for the business to be transacted directly 
between the officers interested. 

222. All envelopes covering papers on military busi- 
ness will be marked on the left hand upper corner 
"official business." 

223. Communications addressed to an officer because 
of his rank or office, will be acted upon by the officer 
officiating at the time of the receipt of the paper. 

224. A communication should refer to one subject 
only, so as to be conveniently filed. All official com- 
munications should be preserved and filed. 

225. Communications and orders should be written 
upon white paper of medium weight and size about 
8x10^ inches, or on double sheets of the same size if the 



COEEESPONDEXCE. 37 

matter requires it, and the last page should be left blank 
for the brief and endorsement. 

This paper will be folded in three equal folds^ 
the bottom being first turned up, then the top down. 

22(3. Should paper cap size be used, the paper will be 
folded up in four equal folds, the bottom of the paper 
being folded up over the writing until it meets the top, 
and then the top doubled down to the bottom. The left 
hand end then becomes the new top, and the uppermost 
blank fold is called the first fold. For further instruc- 
tions see article on i'^^n(lors2ments. 

227. No communication oq military business should 
ever be made on paper printed for private business. 

228. (a) 

Headquarters 34th Reg. N. G. P. 

MOXROEVILLE, 

March 6, 1879. 
Capt. J. M. Jenes, 

Company B, o4th Regimenf, 
Marsh Creek. 
Sir: 

In reference to the report 
of Major Barr}^, Brigade Inspector, to which you, &c. 
I am, 

Very Respectfully, 

Your Obedient Servant, 
C. M. Wilson, 
(b) Adjutant. 

Headquarters 35th Reg. N. G. P» 
Utica, May 20th, 1879» 
Brigadier General J AV. Latta, 

Adjutant General, 
Harrisburg, 
Sir: 

I have the honor to forward to you, kc- 
I am, 

Very Respectfully, 

Your Obedient Servant, 
M R. Brown, 
Lieut. Col. Com'd'g Regiment. 
Through Brigade Headquarters. 



38 EiS'DORSEMEXTS. 

ARTICLE XXYII. 

Endorsement. 

229. The first fold of a paper, being the one at the top 
of the page is used exclusively for a brief memorandum 
of the contents of the paper, for the office marks and for 
noting enclosures. 

230. Endorsements commence not nearer than one-half 
an inch from the top of the second fold and follow each 
other in regular order of date on the successive folds, 
leaving room after each for office marks, and before each 
for noting the number of the endorsement in red ink. 

231. In no case will a loose wrapper be placed around 
an official paper, except as a mere covering, but addi- 
tional space for endorsements will be provided, by neat- 
ly pasting slips of paper on the uader side of the last fold 
(right hand edge of the original paper) each slip to cor- 
respond in length and width (when pasted on,) with the 
length and width of the original folds and to turn back 
upon the last fold like the leaves of a book. By this ar- 
rangement the first fold, on which the office marks and 
briefs are made, is always outside. 

232. All enclosures are numbered and bear the proper 
office marks. Enclosures of the original communication 
are noted on the first fold, just below the brief. If 
others are added when the endorsements are made, the 
number of them is noted at the foot of their appropriate 
•endorsement, and also on the first fold of the original 
communication, and to the last notation is added the 
number of the endorsement to which they belong, thus: 
One Enclosure^ Second Endorsement. 

233. Enclosures to endorsements are numbered in the 
same series as those to the original paper, and the num- 
ber of the endorsement to which they belong is added be- 
low. If few in number and not bulky, enclosures may 
be kept inside the original paper; if otherwise, the^ will 
be folded together in a wrapper and marked. Enclosures ., 
as an accompanying package. 

234. The endorsements on the first fold are made by the 
officer receiving the paper and are made in this order: 

I. The place of command and the date. 



ENDORSEMENTS. 39 

II. The surname of the writer with his initials and 
rank following. 

III. A summary of the contents. Also, a note of the 
number of enclosures, if any, in red ink. 

IV. The numbering of the enclosures, if any, in red 
ink, and at the extreme bottom, the date of receipt in 
red ink. 

Below each endorsement, lines in red ink should be 
drawn across the fold. The writer of a communication 
makes no endorsement on the paper. 

235. Should the paper be sent to a superior officer it 
will be properly endorsed as shown in form '/C" and 
signed by the commanding officer at each intermediate 
headquarters. The body of the endorsement should com- 
mence , ' ' Respectfully forwarded ^^ ' ' ' Respectfully return- 
6cZ," or " Respectfully referred ^'^'' as the case may be, or 
may require. 

236. Should the paper be sent to an officer inferior in 
rank to the writer, or to the commanding officer in whose 
hands it is, it will be properly endorsed and signed by 
the Assistant Adjutant General, or adjutant of the head- 
quarters through which it passes, and the bo dy of en - 
dor semen ts should commence, ^^ Respectfully ^BnXBOaittt/'' 
"Respectfully returned,''^ or ^''Respectfully re f erred ^^^ as 
the case may be or may require. 

237. The resginations of officers are endorsed at each 
headquarters through which they pa'^s. All other papers 
made out on blanks furnished by the State will be sent 
as enclosures without endorsements, unless they are 
printed for endorsements, in which case the endorse- 
ments will be made thereon. 



40 



endorsp:ments. 



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TRAXSPORTATIOX. 41 

ARTICLE XXVITI. 
Transportation . 

289 The brigade quartermaster has charge of all 
transportation for the brigade and will furnish orders 
for such to all officers and men traveling on military 
duty, for which payment is authorized by law. 

240 When companies are some distance from a rail- 
road they should have arrangements with parties who 
will furnish the wagon transportation when needed, at 
a low price, which arrangement should be reported to 
the brigade quartermaster for his approval and for re- 
cording. In an emergency this might be of great ser- 
vice to the State and to the troops. 

241. The usual allowance to railroads is two cents a 
mile per man 

242. OiiicGrs will always have their commands at the 
railroad stations on time, and while there and in cars 
they will enforce the strictest discipline. 

243. Thd men will have their canteens filled before 
embarking. 

244. Previous to entering the cars, infantry will be 
ordered to take off their knapsacks, and to shift their 
cartridge boxes, haversacks, bayonets, and canteens 
round to the front of their bodies. This done they will 
receive the order to get into the cars each man taking 
with him his arms, knapsack, &c. 

245. Each man will retain possession of his rifle, un- 
less his commanding officer should allow the arms to be 
placed upon the knapsacks under the seats. Arms are 
never to be laid upon the floor of the car, nor against the 
sides of the car so as to injure it, 

246. The strictest silence should be maintained in the 
ranks, from the moment of entering the station until the 
train has departed 

247. Once in the cars, the men should be kept there, 
only those required for fatigue being allowed on the 
platform. 

248. Fatigue parties should leave their arms and ac- 
coutrements in the cars, whilst at work on the platform. 

249. The horses' heads, where it is possible, should 



42 ARMOIilES— CAMPkS AND EXCAMFMEXT8. 

be placed away from the doors, as the horses are easily 
frightened by trains and engines passing. 

250. Before starting, sentinels will be posted at each 
end of each car to keep the men from passing from one 
car to another or from standing upon the platforms, also 
to prevent unauthorized persons from entering the cars. 

251. During all journeys, each car will be under the 
special supervision of an officer assigned to it, and all 
company officers are to be with their companies during 
halts. 

ARTICLE XXIX. 

Armo7Hes, 

252. While the law specifies otherwise, it is permitted 
a company to select a building for its armory, the State 
allowing in payment for the same one hundred dollars 
per annum ; in cities having a population of fifteen thous- 
and or above, the allowance is two hundred dollars. 

258. The armory should have closets for the equip- 
ments and clothes of each man, and gun-racks for the 
guns. The closets should be at least five feet high and 
of ample size m other ways. The gun-racks should be 
against an inner wall, or removed a few inches from an 
outer wall, to protect the guns from dampness. 

254. It would be well, in the floor on one side of or 
around the hall, to have brass headed nails put in, or 
marks painted twenty-eight inches apart, to guide squads 
or recruits in the length of the step. Stepp)ing to these 
marks will give firmness to the stride, which constant 
drilling in a small room is sure to contract. 

ARTICLE XXX. 

Camps and Encampments , 

255. The camping party of a regiment consists of the 
regimental quartermaster and quartermaster-sergeant, 
and a corporal and two men per company. The general 
decides whether the regiments camp separately or to- 
gether, and whether the police guard shall accompany 
the camping party or a larger escort shall be sent. If 
the camping party does not precede the regiment, the 



CA3EPS AND EXCA3IP3IEXTS. -to 

<iuar term aster attends to these things so soon as the regi- 
ment reaches the camp. 

256. Each company will have its tents in one file per- 
pendicular to the color line. Each file of tents will be 
on a street not less than five paces wide. The space be- 
tween tents should be at least two feet, and more if pos- 
sible, to admit of good ditches for drainage. Companies 
of near a hundred men will require a double ro v of tents 
facing each other from opposite sides of the street. 
Each first sergeant will have his quarters in the tent at 
the end of his company street next to the line of officers 
tents, and facing the centre of the camp if his company 
tents are in double line. 

257. The other tents will be placed as prescribed in 
Upton's tactics, unless the commanding officer directs 
the arrangement otherwise, so that the camp shall con- 
form to the nature of the ground. 

The color company should fall in facing to the left 
flank of the regiment and the other companies facing to- 
wards it. 

258. The ground selected for a camp should be on a 
slope and easily drained*, should be near an ample sup- 
ply of good water and be on open ground. Sinks will be 
dug immediately, and concealed by bushes, and the dirt 
left, for the purpose of filling in each day. 

259. A camp should be kept perfectly clean; all gar- 
bage, paper and litter should be moved daily and as 
much oftener as may be necessary and should be burned 
or buried 

260. Company and regimental commanders will be re- 
sponsible for the condition of their own camps, and will 
make the necessary details for the purpose. 

261. Tents should be floored if possible. 

262. Each company should have at its kitchen a bar- 
rel for pure water and two barrels for garbage. 

263. If necessary a guard will be put over the spring 
or water supply. 

264. Tents must not be marked, and no signs or pla- 
cards will be allowed unless sanctioned by the officer of 
the day. 

266. No noise is allowed in camp after taps. 



44 CAMPS AXD ENCAMPMENTS. 

260. The commander of every regiment, battalion and 
detached company may annually order out the commis- 
sioned and non-commissioned otficers of his command for 
elementary drill two separate days between the middle 
of May and the middle of July, at such place as he deems 
most convenient, and if the place of any such officer is 
vacant, the commander thereof shall detail from the pri- 
vates under his command a sufficient number to make up 
the deficiency, every person unnecessarily neglecting to 
attend at the time and place appointed for such drill, 
shall forfeit to the use of the brigade fund three dollars. 

207. The commander-in-chief may prescribe the time, 
place and manner of assembling the troops for the pur- 
poses declared in this section (act of 1864) and each 
commander of division shall, upon notification from the 
commander-in-chief, order an encampment of his divi- 
sion, by brigades or regiments; the orders for encamp- 
ment by brigade shall be promulgated in the brigade 
thirty daj^s before the time appointed for the encamp- 
ment; the orders for encampment by regiment shall be 
promulgated in the regiment twenty days before the 
time. Each encampment may last threedays; the troops 
shall be inspected, reviewed and thoroughly exercised 
as companies, battalions and brigades in the whole rou- 
tine of camp and field duty; every officer, non-commis- 
sioned officer and private held by law to do military 
duty and unnecessarily neglecting to appear at the time 
and place appointed for encampment, shall forfeit, com- 
missioned officers, ten dollars per day, and non-commis- 
sioned officers and privates five dollars per day, to the 
use of the brigade fund. 

268. Every commanding officer, when on duty, may 
ascertain and fix necessary bounds and limits to his 
parade, not including a road so as to seriously obstruct 
passing, within which no spectator shall enter without 
leave from such commanding officer; whoever intrudes or 
attempts to intrude within the limits of the parade, after 
being forbidden, and whoever resists a sentry who at- 
tempts to put him or keep him out of such limits, may 
be arrested and confined under guard during the time of 
parade, or a shorter time, at the discretion of the com- 
manding officer. 



L^XTFOIOIS AXD l)Rp:sS. 4o 

269 It shall not be lawful for any person unless regu- 
larly licensed and disposing of the liquor at his usual 
place of business, named in the license, to erect, place or 
have any booth, stal', tent, carriaoje, boat, vessel or any 
other place whatsoever, for the purpose of selling, giv- 
ing or otherwise disposing of any liquors -^ ^ -^ or 
cider within three miles of the place of holding any sol- 
diers' encampment in this > tate, during the time of such 
encampment. Tt shall be the duty of the constable of 
the township or the sheriff of the county in which such 
encampment is held, upon the written application of the 
commandant of such camp, to be present in person or by 
deputy during such encampment, and to arrest without 
warrant any person or persons guilty of disorderly or 
riotous behavior, or any breach of the peace or of intoxi- 
cation, or whom he has reason to believe is guilty of a 
violation of the provisions of any of the first section of 
this act, (act 1875) and bring him or them before any jus- 
tice of the peace of the county. 

270. Any person wilfully violating any of the rules 
and regulations adopted for the government of such en- 
campment by the commandant thereof, and applying 
only to the grounds occupied by such encampment, 
shall be deemed guil.y of disorderly behavior, and upon 
request of the commandant of such encampment, shall be 
arrested by the peace officer in attendance, to be dealt 
with according to law and upon conviction thereof such 
person shall be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding 
fifty dollars. 

ARTICLE XXXI. 

Uniforms and Dress, 

271. The prescribed uniform of the guard is a United 
States regulation dark blue flannel blouse and sky blue 
trowsers for company officers and enlisted men; caps 
dark blue, small, with straight visor; overcoats, the 
United States regulation pattern ; white gloves. All 
gilt buttons bear the Pennsylvania coat of arms. 

272. The caps, blouse, pants and overcoats purchased 
and issued by the state, or paid for out of the allowance 
made each company annually by the military board, for 



46 UXIFORMS AND DRESS. 

the purhase and renewal of uniforms, are state property* 

273. Uniforms will not be made up without sending to 
the adjutant general for Circular No. 1, A. D. IS?"^, which 
prescribes the manner of making up; this circular is pub- 
lished on page 86 of his annual report for 1878, and also 
contains regulations for officer's uniform and equipments^ 

274. No uniform coat or blouse will have pockets show-- 
ing on the outside. 

275. All non-commissioned officers, musicians and pri-^ 
vates who have served faithfully for five years may wear 
as a mark of distinction, upon both sleeves of the coat 
below the elbow a diagonal half chevron, one half inch 
wide, extending from seam to seam, the front end nearest 
the cuff, and one half inch above the point of the cuff, to 
be of the same color as the edging. 

276. The regulation uniform will be worn on all regu- 
lar parades and inspections. White pants may be worn 
by a whole command upon some parades, but not upon 
inspections. 

277 The hair should be short ; the beard, when worn, 
to be kept short, and neatly trimmed. 

278. Officers and soldiers in camp , or on other duty will 
not be permitted to lounge out of tents or quarters bare- 
headed or in shirt-sleeves. 

279. No officer or soldier when in uniform will detach a 
button from any part thereof, or appear in uniform with 
a button detached. 

280. Buttons must be kept bright at all times, free from 
dirt or stains. 

281. Buttons, hooks and eyes, or other fastenings will 
not be left undone. 

282. Boots and shoes must be kept well cleaned and 
blacked. Slippers or shoes cut so low as to show the 
stocking, will not be worn on duty. 

283 Over shoes will not be worn when under arms, ex- 
cept in stormy weather, or when the ground is in bad 
condition. 

284. Watch-guards, chains, and seals, will not be ex- 

Eosed on the dress. To secure the watch, the hook or 
ar of the chain may be pushed through a button-hole of 
the coat from the inside. 



TO FORM THE BATTALION. 4T 

285. Neck ties other than plain black or white, as maj 
be ordered by the commanding officer, are prohibited. 

286. Commanding officers will secure uniformity in 
shirt-collars throughout their commands. If allowed at 
all, no shirt-collar will show more than one quarter of 
an inch above the coat-collar. Corners of collars will 
never be bent over or outward. 

287. Uniforms should be frequently aired and beaten, 
and means taken to prevent all articles from becoming 
moth eaten. 

ARTICLE XXXII. 

To Form the Battalion— General Remarks, 

288. The color guard will upon the sounding of the 
Assembly ^ unless the Colonel desires to have the colors 
escorted by a company, carry the colors to the parade 
ground and take its place in line. 

289. Upon the adjutant\s call the companies will mo^e 
from their company streets, the color company slightly 
in advance. 

290. The color company will first form line, the cap- 
tain taking place on the left of the color guard, or with 
his breast asjainst the left marker, as the case may be, 
and dressing his company to the left. When he com- 
mands front, the companies to right and left of him 
which should arrive at the proper time three paces in 
rear of the line, will dress to the left and right respect- 
ively, their captains taking place on the flank towards 
the color. 

291. In all alignments, the first sergeants, if not em- 
ployed to mark the line, step into the rear rank to enable 
the captains to dress their companies. This lule is 
general. 

292. To enable the captain of the company on the left 
of the color to align his company to the right, the cap- 
tain of the color company steps a pace forward if he oe 
the senior, or into the rear rank, if he be the junior ; if 
the senior, he steps back into the front rank, so soon as 
the junior captain commands /Voti^, the latter stepping 
back to the rear rank. The first sergeant of the left cen- 
tre company steps back to the line of file-closers ; this 



48 COLORS AND COLOR OlARDS. 

rule applies whenever two companies in line dress to- 
ward each other. 

293. In all formations when a company is dressed in 
line or in column, the captain should be prompt in giving 
the order front. Other companies must not be delayed 
nor time lost by cause of the imperfect instruction of a 
company. 

294. Captains will be watchful and give the order sup- 
port arms at the proper moment, so soon as the order 
front has been given to the next company. 

295. At the command guides post ^ the captains, guides, 
and markers, take their posts in line ; the first sergeants, 
who are not employed to mark the line, step a pace to the 
rear to permit the Fecond sergeants or markers to pass 
through their intervals to the line of file-closers, after 
which they return to the front rank This rule is general. 

296. When forming for dress parade, bayonets will be 
fixed in company streets, and when the officers disperse 
from the colonels' presence, first sergeants will march 
their companies to quarters and dismiss them unless 
otherwise ordered. 

297. A.t 2i parade re t the- men will remain motionless, 
keeping their eyes looking at one spot in front of them. 

298. Officers will do likewise, remembering to bring 
their swords to the proper position. 

299. Officers and non-commissioned stafi" officers will 
not salute with the sword at the command present arms, 
except when the command pre-^ent arms is given for the 
purpose of paying compliments. 

300. The officers and non-commissioned staff officers ex- 
ecute the order arms^ cary arms , parade 7-65^ and attention^ 
and in rendering honors the reverse arms and rest-on-arms, 

ARTICLE XXXIII. 

Colors and Color Guard, 

301. In each regiment of infantry there is a color guard, 
composed of a color sergeant and seven coporals, posted 
as the left four of the right-centre company. The front 
rank is composed of the color sergeant and three senior 
corporals, one posted on his right and two on his left; 
the rear rank is composed of the four remaining corporals. 



COLORS A^D COLOR GVARD. 49 

The corporals are placed in the order of rank from right 
to left. 

302. The color sergeant and color coporals are selected 
from those most distinguished for bravery, and precision 
under arms and in marching 

303. The color sergeant carries the national color. The 
state or regimental color (when present) is carried by a 
sergeant, who takes the place of the corporal on the left 
of the color sergeant. 

304. At all formations when the colors are not to be 
used, the color sergeants and corporals will fall in with 
the cooipanies to which they belong. 

305. When the colors are to be used, the color guard 
assembles at a place designated by the adjutant in the 
vicinity of the colonel's quarters- The assembly having 
ceased, the color sergeant /aZZ^ ni the color guard as if it 
were a company. Previous to a ceremony, he causes the 
color guard to open ranks, and inspects its general ap- 
pearance, then closes ranks and takes position as num- 
ber two of the front rank. Arms being at a carry, the 
color sergeant conducts the color guard to the colonel's 
quarters, halts it three yards from the entrance, advances 
and receives th^ colors for the colonel. He then faces 
about, commands. Present Arms^ and takes his place, 
after which he commands, Carry Arms^ and marches the 
color guard to the left of the color company. If that is 
not formed, he halts the guard and brings it to an order 
arms, and in place rest, until the company is formed, 
when he commands: Color Guar J ^ Attention^ Carry Arms^ 
and places it as the left four of the color company. If 
that company be at an order, or at place rest, the color 
sergeant brings the guard to the same position. 

306. Having joined the color company, the color guard 
is subject to the orderof the commander of that company, 
except at inspections, when it is under command of the 
adjutant, after column of companies is formed. 

307- If with the color company , as that company reaches 
its company street, the color sergeant gives the neces- 
sary commands for conducting the color guard to the 
colonel's quarters. On arrivng at a distance of three 
yards from the entrance he commands: Color Guards Halt ^ 



50 COLORS AND COLOR GUARD. 

Present Anns^ advances, and returns the colors to their 
proper position. As the color sergeant parts with the 
colors, the senior color corporal commands: C w y A m<. 
The color sergeant retakes his position marches the 
guard to the assembling ground, where he dismisses it 
by commanding: Color Guard Jialt^ arms port ^ break rnks^ 
march . 

308. If both national and state colors are carried, the 
sergeant carrying the state color advances to receive and 
•replace it at the same time with the color sergeant. 

:309. The color sergeant marches the guard by the left 
flank and rear of the regiment and band to the colonel's 
quarters, where the colors are replaced as already pre- 
scribed. 

310. At ceremonies the color guard executes the order 
arms, parade rest, carry arms, the loadings and firings. 
In rendering honors, it executes the present, reverse, 
and rest on arms. On drill, in addition to the above, it 
executes support and right shoulder arms. It executes 
the other movements in the manual only when specially 
directed. The bayonets of the color guard are carried in 
the scabbard, except when fixed by special command 
from the colonel. 

311. In battalion skirmish drill, the color guard goes 
with the regimental reserve, or receives special instruc- 
tion from the colonel. 

312. In equalizing the regiment, after line is formed, 
the adjutant usually marches the color guard to the line 
of file closers before dividing into companies, placing it 
on the left of the right-centre company before calling the 
officers to the front. 

313. At battalion drill much depends upon the steadi- 
ness of bearing, and accuracy of step of the color ser- 
geant. His entire and individual attention is necessary 
for the success of the drill. 

314. When the battalion is in line of battle and the 
order is given, forward^ guide centre^ march ^ at the sec- 
ond command the color bearer moves six paces to the 
front and with a firm steady step gives direction to the 
battalion. 

315. Upon a preparatory order for a movement b}^ the 



tup: rOoTER. 61 

flank or rear, the color bearer resumes his place in line. 

810. When marching to the rear, if the order guide cen- 
tre is given, the color bearer steps out six paces in front- 
of the line. 

817. If the battalion be faced about and marched a few 
paces to the rear, the color bearer, upon facing about, re- 
mains in the then rear until the battalion is again faced 
to the front. 

318. The colors should be especiall}^ dear to the color- 
guard, and under no circumstances reflecting discredit 
upon the courage and fidelity of it, should they be allow- 
ed to fall into the hands of the enemy. 

319. The lives cf the soldiers of the guard should be 
sacrificed first. 

320. When the color company orders arms the colors 
are dropped vertically to the ground, the staff" between 
the feet of the color sergeant, who takes the position of 
parade rest at the command, gathering the colors around 
the staff with his hands, right fore-arm horizontal ; he 
returns to attention and carry arms at those commands, 

321. To salute with the colors, the color bearer will in 
march, lower the tip of the staff when six paces from, 
the officer to be saluted, holding it in that position until 
he shall have passed the officer six paces, and will in line^^. 
lower the tip until the order ca y a ms is given. 

322. The colors are not to be lowered at the command 
present a ms, unless compliments are being paid to other 
colors, or to a gener d officer 

ARTICLE XXXIV. 

The Roster, or details for service. 

323. The duties performed by detail are of three 
classes. 

The first class comprises: 

I. Grand guards and outposts. 

II. Interior guards, as of magazine; hospitals, etc. 
.III. Orderlies. 

IV. Police guards. 
The second class comprises: 
I. Detachments to protect laborers on military 
works, as field works, communications, &c. 



52 THE PvOSTEIl. 

II. Working parties at such works 

III. Detachments to protect fatigues. 

324. The third class are all fatigues, without arms, in 
or out of camp. 

In the cavalry, stable guards form a separate roster, 
and count before fatigue. 

325. The rosters are distinct for each class. Officers 
are named on them in the order of rank. The details are 
taken m succession in the order of the roster, beginning 
at thehead. 

326. Lieutenants form one roster, and first and sec- 
ond lieutenants are entered on it alternately. The senior 
first lieutenant is the first on the roster, the senior sec- 
ond lieutenant is the second, &c. The captains form one 
roster and are exempt from fatigues, except to superin- 
tend issues. A captain commanding a battalion tem- 
porarily, is exempt from detail, and duty falling to h m 
passes. Lieutenant colonels and majors are on one roster. 
They may be detailed for duties of the first and second 
classes, when the importance of the guards and detach- 
ments requires it. Their roster is kept at division and 
brigade headquarters. In the company, sergeants, cor- 
porals, and privates form distinct rosters. 

327. Officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers 
take duties of the first class in the order stated, viz., 
the first, for the detail , takes the grand guards; the next 
the interior guards; the last, the police guard, and the 
same rule in regard to the details and duties of the sec- 
ond class In the details for the third class, the senior 
officer takes the largest party. The party first for de- 
tail takes the service out of camp. 

528. When the officer whose tour it is, is not able to 
take it oris not present at the hour of marching, the 
next after him takes it. When a guard has passed the 
chain of sentinels, or an interior guard has reached its 
•post, the officer whose tour it was cannot then take it; 
ihe takes the tour of the officer who has taken his. When 
an officer is prevented by sickness from taking his tour, 
it passes These rules apply equally to non-commis- 
sioned officers and soldiers. 

329. Cavalry and light artillery are not to be detailed 



HOURS OF SERVICE AXD ROLL-CALL. '=)5 

on fatigues outside of their own camps, unless absolute- 
ly necessary. 

o80. Light artillery serving with other troops will 
furnish its own park and stable guards, police, etc. 
Both off.cers and men will general]}^ be exempt from 
other similar details; and the men will not, when it can 
be avoided, be detailed for extra duty in the staff de- 
partments, nor for other purposes interfering with bat- 
tery duties. 

331. Infantry orderlies will not carry their muskets, 
but. will wear the bayonet in the scabbard; they may at 
the discretion of the officers on whom they attend, dis- 
pense with the cartridge-box and its belt, if other than 
the waist-belt 

332. A guard relieved by a new detail will immediate- 
ly, under its serges^nt, report to the officer of the day for 
camp police. 

ARTICLE XXXY. 

Hour."^ of service and roll-calls. 

333. In camp, the commanding officer prescribes the 
hours of reveille, retreat, roll calls, guard mounting^ 
drill, meals, stable-calls, issues, fatigues, &c. 

334. Reveille is the signal for rising, and will be- 
sounded shortly after day break, generally at about sun- 
rise. The roll is called at this time. 

335. Surgeon's call will be beaten in season to allow 
the first sergeants to obtain from the surgeon a list of 
the men they are to report as sick on their morning re- 
ports. 

336. Breakfast call will be sounded at as early an 
hour as practicable after reveille, allowing the troops 
time for washing and to put their tents in order; usually 
no work or drill will be ordered before breakfast. 

337. First sergeant's call is the signal for the morning 
reports of companies to be sent to regimental headquar- 
ters. This call will be beaten at other times when 
necessary. 

338. Troop is the signal for morning parade or guard- 
mounting. If there is a morning parade, it will precede 
guard-mounting. 



o4 JIOURS Ol SEinrcK AND liOLL-CALL. 

339. Fatigue is the signal for policing camp or quar- 
ters. 

340. Drill-call is sounded at a proper interval after 
the duties of fatigue have been performed in the morn- 
ing and after dinner in the afternoon. 

341 Recall from drill is the signal for drill to cease. 

342. Dinner call usually at noon. 

343. Retreat, (roll-call and dress-parade) at sunset, 
when the troops will appear under arms whenever the 
weather permits. Orde s will be read, and details for 
the following da}^ will be published at this time. 

344. Supper-call will follow dress-parade and muster. 

345. Tattoo generally not earlier than nine nor later 
than half-past ten o'clock p. m. The roll will be called 
at this time, after which no soldier will be out of his 
tent or quarters without special permission. 

346. Taps, the signal to extinguish lights, from fif- 
teen to thirty minutes after tattoo. 

347 The Assembly is the signal to form by company; 
it is also sounded after the signals for such hoars as re- 
quire company roll-call 

.348. To the color is the signal to. form b}^ regiment, 

349. The march, for the whole to move. 

350. The long roll (to arms) is the signal for getting 
under arms in case of alarm, and must never be beaten 
at any other time. 

351. Stable-calls are sounded twice each day in the 
artillery and cavalr}^ morning and evening. 

352. Watcr-calls, at the hours directed b}^ the_com- 
ananding otl'cer. 

353. Orderly hours will be established by brigade and 
regimental commanders, at which first sergeants will re- 
port at regimental headquarters, and in brigade iamps, 
adjutants at brigade headquarters with the morning re- 
ports. So far as practicable all communications between 
the headquarters will be made at this time 

354. In camp or garrison, when artillery is present, a 
imorning gun shall be fired at reveille, an evening gun at 
retreat. 

355 There shall be daily three stated roll-calls, re- 
veille, retreat, and tattoo. They will be made on the 



zvroiJS. 55 

company parade by the first sergeants, superintended 
by a commissioned officer of the company, who, except 
at dress parade, will report the result of the roll-call to 
the adjutant. 

356. The drummers call shall be beaten by the drums 
of the police guard five minutes before the time of beat- 
ing the stated calls, when the drummers will assemble 
before the colors of their respective regiments, and as 
soon as the beat begins on the right it will be imme- 
diately taken up along the line. 

357. At the surgeon's call the first sergeants will 
form the sick (if any are in quarters) in the company 
streets, and march them, or send them under charge of a 
non-commissioned officer, to the surgeon. 

358. At the first sergeant's call, the sergeant major, 
drum major, and each first sergeant, will report in uni- 
form, with side-arms, to the adjutant for orders. At 
morning orderly call they carry with them their morn- 
ing reports. 

359. Every non-commissioned officer and soldier shall 
retire to his quarters or tent at the beating of the re- 
treat, in default of which he shall be punished according 
to the nature of his ofi'ense. 

ARTICLE XXXYI. 

Mobs. 

300. When troops are ordered out for service, and a 
mob threatens, companies will assemble quietly at their 
armories in full uniform, (field officers should be mount- 
ed) fully armed and equipped, each man carrying in his 
haversack three days rations got at his own home. A 
strong guard will be put at the door, and fixed am- 
munition will be distributed. 

3G1. All blank cartridges will be removed from the 
boxes and under no circumstances will be carried along 
or be used. 

362. Troops in presence of a mob will march quietly 
and without music, by company front, with a firm step, 
ranks closed, and at quick time, as a rule. A regiment 
should march in clos^e column. 

363. It being of the greatest moment that troops shall 



50 3roB^. 

assemble promptly at the general rendezvous, compan- 
ies must not be deterred b}^ a show of opposition, and if 
opposition becomes decided and troops are seriously mo- 
lested by stones or shots, the order to fire will be prompt- 
ly given. The rear rank should fire first, and then at a 
short interval the front rank, each loading without 
further command. The firing will be maintained vigor- 
ously and the mob pressed until actually dispersed. 
Conflicts with mobs are always to be avoided, if possible, 
by companies marching to the general rendezvous. 

864. The pieces must be aimed at the waists or lower 
so as to be effective. Any shots aimed higher will likely 
miss and hit innocent persons in the distance 

365. There must be no hesitation to fire in a mob be- 
cause innocent persons may be in it. When possible, 
however, warning should be given by the commanding 
oflicer, so that any such might retire- 

866. Troops should not be loaded in cars or wagons in 
presence of a mob. They should be marched to a reason- 
able distance away and then be embarked, and troops 
approaching a mob or a city held by a mob, should dis- 
embark and be put in column at some distance from the 
point of danger. 

367. When near stations or cars, a guard will be 
thrown out. 

368. Should shots be fired from windows, a few men 
will be detailed as sharp shooters, who will protect and 
give confidence to the rest. 

369. A batter}^ of artillery should be protcteed by a 
company of infantry sent to its assistance and ^a com- 
pany of infantry should always cover a battery when 
brought into action until in battery and ready to fire. 
This company should then retire to the flanks, acting as 
a reserve for the battery. 

370. Disciplined troops will readily disperse ten (10) 
times their number of an armed mob, and twenty times 
their number if the mob be indiff'erently armed. In all 
cases action must be prompt, decided and determined. 
A point gained should be followed up. More battles are 
lost by not fighting at the right moment than because of 
disparity in numbers. 



COLOXEL OR C03IMAXDIXG OFP^ICEE. 57 

o7l. Before entering tunnels, bridges, ravines or rail- 
road cuttings, an examination will be made of them and 
skirmishers or troops will be thrown out, if necessar}^. 
If opposition is met or threatened no advance must be 
made until the danger has been removed. 

:]72. When a train conveying troops is to pass over a 
road that has been or may be in the hands of a mob, an 
engine and flat cars, with a pioneer corps, tools, rails 
and spikes, protected by half a company or more if nec- 
essary, should precede the regular train, keeping always 
within supporting distance. 

373. Troops marching m a city will clear the streets 
and sidewalks as they advance, so as not to endanger 
their flanks: they will avoid all narrow ways, all build- 
ings and keep in open ground so much as possible. 

An advance line of skirmishers or a line of guards 
should be thrown out when a crowd assembles or is in 
proximit}^. 

ARTICLE XXXYII. 

Colonel or Commanding Officer. 

374. The regiment takes its character and standing 
from the colonel, and no person should be elected to this 
position who cannot command universal respect, not 
merely for his military knowledge or experience, but for 
his personal character. 

375. The commanding officer must require his orders 
to be •obeyed, and his field-officers, and particularly the 
officer-of-the-day, and officer-of-the-guard,are to aid him 
in the enforcement of those orders. 

376. Regimental commanders are ^required to keep 
themselves fully informed as to the condition of their 
commands, in order that they may take intelligent ac- 
tion upon requisitions and applications forwarded 
through them, and know what is necessary to be done 
to correct existing evils. 

377. The commanding ofiicer should observe how the 
members of his command perform guard duty, and should 
occasionally, if not habitually, receive in person the re- 
ports of company commanders at the principal roll-calls, 
especially reveille. He should be perfectly familiar with 



58 COLONEL OK C03IMAXDTNG OFFICER. 

all that concerns his command, and at the same time 
avoid the appearance of assuming the power of his com- 
pany commanders, or of intermeddling with their affairs 
further than the general welfare demands. 

378. A commanding officer must be an example of 
good conduct, a competent teacher, and willing leader. 

379. The following are essential daily duties of regi- 
mental commanders in camp: 

I. At reveille he should rise, and receive from the 
adjutant the result of the company and band roll-calls, 
or detail a field officer to do so, and report to him. 

II. Immediately after guard-mounting he should be 
at his headquarters, or at some place in camp of which 
the officers-of-the-day are informed, to receive the report 
of the old and instruct the new officer-of-the-daj^. 

III. At a reasonable time after the sounding of 
fatigue, and once after dinner, he should make a careful 
inspection of his camp, including not onl}^ the ground 
and quarters, but the guard, kitchens, stores, stables, 
sinks, and all other premises appertaining to the camp; . 
he should also see that refuse matter is not left on prem- 
ises adjoining, where it may become a nuisance either to 
his command or to neighboring inhabitants. 

lY. At the prescribed hour in the morning he will 
require the adjutant to bring him the morning report for 
signature. 

Y. Once in each day, before noon if possible, he 
should satisfy himself by personal inspection that the 
offisers of his staff are properly performing their various 
duties 

YI. If his command is not drilled as a whole by 
himself, he should be present on the regimental parade, 
or in view of it, during drill, and note carefully all er- 
rors, in order that he may correct them by subsequent 
conversation with the officers responsible for them. 

YII. He should establish daily office-hours when 
he can conduct correspondence or receive and talk with 
his officers on matters connected with duty or transact 
other business incident to his position. 

YIII. When the regiment is to assemble under arms 
with the colors, he should be at his headquarters to 
hand the colors to the color sergeant. 



c A PT A I X o n ( "0:m pax y c ommax d er . '59 

X. He should see that the officer of the day is fur- 
nished with the countersign before retreat. 

XI. At tattoo, as at reveille, he receives from the 
adjutant the result of the roll-calls, or details a field 
officer to do so. He should also see that the officer-of- 
the-day at this time attends to the duty of requiring the 
departure of all persons not connected with the camp, or 
who have not received from proper authority permission 
to remain, and. if necessary, will cause that officer to be 
provided with assistance. 

380. The commanding officer should never leave his 
command when in camp or in active service without re- 
porting the intended absence to the officer next in com- 
mand, who will act in his stead for the time being. 

381. The colonel should always keep twenty rounds 
per man of ammunition on hand for emergencies and he 
should see that each captain has an equal supply at all 
times for his compan}^. 

ARTICLE XXXVIII. 

Captain or Company Commanders. 

38:\ The position of company commander is one of the 
most important in the service. To him attaches the re- 
sponsibility for the instruction, good order, efficiency 
and d.scipline of his command and no one should be 
elected to this office unless well qualified, or willing to 
qualify himself for the faithful performance of the duties 
of the office. 

His position should command the respect of his men. 

383. The captain must carefully watch over the inter- 
ests of the company, and remember that it cannot be in 
good repute unless it stands well financially. All debts 
should be promptly paid, and he must restrain his com- 
mand from incurring expense beyond its means. 

384. The company commander is personally respon- 
sible for all state propert}^ issued to his command, and 
cannot be honorabl}^ discharged from the service until 
he has satisfactorily accounted for it. 

385. The company commander should sustaia his 
subordinates, and should especially avoid reproving an 
officer or non-commissioned officer in the presence of the 
men. 



60 OFFIC'ER-OF-TI1E-I)AY. 

ARTICLE XXXIX. 

Officer -of -tlie- Bay. 

880. In each regiment there shall be one officer detailed as 
officer-of-the-day , generally a captain. This officer has 
charge of the camp or garrison of the command in which 
he has been detailed. He receives orders and instruc- 
tions regarding his duties from the commanding officer 
and transmits them to his subordinates. All the guards 
of the camp or post are under his general directions. 
All the police parties and fatigue parties when on duty 
within the line of guards, and often fatigue parties sent 
beyond the lines, receive their orders from the officer-of- 
the-day. 

:]8T. The officer-of-theday is responsible for the good 
order, cleanliness and attention to the daily duties 
throughout the camp or garrison. He reports all mat- 
ters of importance to the commanding officer, and re- 
ceives such orders as he may deem necessary to give per- 
taining thereto. The officer-of-the-day is notified of his 
detail the day previous, and must be present at guard- 
mounting to receive the guard after inspection. 

88^. Where there is no officer-of-the-guard the roll of 
prisoners will be called by the old officers-of-the-day im- 
mediately after guard mounting. 

881). The officers-of-the-day visit and inspect the 
guardhouse or tents while the old guard is beingrelieved, 
verify the number of prisoners and then proceed to the 
office or presence of the couimanding offit^er, w^ho receives 
the report of the old officer-of-the-day, relieves him and 
delivers his instructions to the new officer-of-the-day- 

oOO The officer-of-the-day must see that the officer-of- 
the-guard is furnished with the parole and countersign 
before retreat. 

891. The officer-of-the-day visits the guards during the 
day at such times as he may deem necessary, and make 
his rounds at night at least once after twelve o'clock. 

892. The officer-of-the-day being charged with the 
order and cleanliness of the camp, a fatigue is furnished 
to him when the number of prisoners is insufficient to 



OPFICER-OF-TIIE-GUArvD. 01 

clean the camp. He has the calls beaten by the drummer 
of the guard. 

ol)3. Theofficer-of-the-da}' satisfies himself frequently 
during the night of the vigilence of the police guard. 
He prescribes patrols and rounds to be made by the of- 
ficer and non-commissioned oflficers-of-the-guard. The 
of5cer-of-the-guard orders them when he thinks neces- 
sary. He visits the sentinels frequently. 

894. The commanding officer is generally greatly de- 
pendent upon the officer-of-the-day and upon the man- 
ner in which he performs his duty, especially in the 
vicinity of the enemy; in'time of danger, the officer-of-the- 
day can relieve him of much care and anxiety; in more 
quiet times, at rest, or on the move, the comfort of every 
one is affected by the order, quiet, and cleanliness which 
the officer of the day enforces. 

395. All prisoners under guard without written 
charges, will be released by the officer-of-the-day at 
guard-mounting, anless orders to th:^ contrary shall be 
given by the commanding officer. 

390. When two or more organizations are encamped 
together, there shall be a field officer-of-the-day detailed, 




brigade what the latter is to the regiment 

397. The officer-of-the-daj^ will constantl}^ be in full 
dress; he will wear a crimson sash over the right shoul- 
der and under the left arm. 

ARTICLE XL. 

Officer -of 4 he-Guard. 

398. The manner in which the guard duty of a regi- 
ment is performed is a very good criterinn of the discip- 
line and the military character of it, and the duty of the 
officer of-the-guard is one of the most important and re- 
sponsible ones in the service. 

399. The guard is turned out and paraded and in- 
spected at reveille, retreat and tattoo, and the roll called. 
It is also required to turn out at the beating of the "long 
roll" or the sounding of "to horse," or the ctj of "fire" 



62 ( ) F Fic p:e -of t j i e-gu a r i ) . 

orany alarm or disturbance. "To turn out theguard'^ 
means to parade it under arms. 

400. Vigilence on the part of the ofhcer-of-the-guard 
should be directed particularly to seeing that the non- 
commissioned officers do their duty, that the corporals 
visit their reliefs frequently and instruct the sentinels, 
that the sentinels walk their posts diligently; and he 
should visit them repeatedly during the day and night, 
and ascertain by personal examination whether the sen- 
tinels know their duties. He should enforce cleanliness 
and order in the guard, and proper military deportment, 
and not allow any games or other pursuits that would 
take away from the proper dignity of a guard. 

401. An officer is to remain constantly with his guard, 
except while visiting the sentinels, or necessarily en- 
gaged elsewhere on his proper duty. 

402. The officer-of-the-guard constantly wears his 
sword; and neither officers nor soldiers are to take off their 
clothing or accoutrements while on guard. 

403. An officer commanding a guard, when going to 
visit sentinels, or leaving for any other purpose, will 
state to the next in command his destination, anii the 
probable time of his absence. 

404. The officer-of-the-guard must see that the coun- 
tersign is duly communicated to the sentinels at such 
times as shall be fixed by the commanding officer. 

405. He will see that the guard turns out promptly 
and pays the proper compliment's to officers who ap- 
proach. 

All guards are to turn out and present arms to general 
officers so often as they pass them, except the personal 
guards of general officers, which turn out only to the 
generals whose guards they are, and to officers of superior 
rank. 

To commanders of regiments, garrison or camp, their 
own guard turn out and present arms once a day, after 
which they turn out with arms at a carry. 

406. The officer-of-the-guard makes his report of his 
tour of service, including the advanced post, and sends 
it, after the guard is marched off, to theoldofficer-of-the- 
day. 



STAFF ()fficp:ks, G3 

407. When the regimertt marches, the men of the 
police guard return to their companies. In the cavalry, 
at the sound "boot and saddle," the officer-of-the-guard 
sends one-half the men to saddle and pack; when the 
regiment assembles, all men join it. 

408. During the time of relieving the sentinels of the 
old guard, the two guards will stand at place-rest and 
the new officer-of-the-guard will receive his instructions 
from the old officer and will then take possession of the 
guard house and the prisoners and articles in charge of 
the guard. 

409. Inexperienced officers are put on guard as super- 
numeries, for the purpose of instruction. 

410. The old officer-of-the-guard will call the roll of 
the prisoners immediately after guard mounting. 

411. During daylight sentinels should be instructed 
to pass all officers through the lines, without halting 
them. 

ARTICLE XLI. 

Staff Officers, 

412. While every staff officer has certain duties pecu- 
liar to his office, he has other duties in common with all 
staff officers. 

413. Staff officers should be possessed of tact and dis- 
cretion, with a courteous bearing toward all. They 
should be able to make brief and reliable reports of all 
that they observe and allow nothing to escape their no- 
tice. 

414. Staff officers should never discuss the actions of 
their chiefs, nor let it appear from their bearing that 
they are the repositories of important secrets. 

415. Staff officers must at all times be prepared to at- 
tend, and possibly to represent, their chiefs; personal 
preference must not be allowed to interfere with this, 
their first duty. 

416. As the bearer of reports to superiors, the staff 

officer should premise, "General has the honor to, 

etc.;" in bearing messages to others he should premise, 

"General presents his compliments, etc." In 

transmitting orders he will add, by order of, or by com- 



64 SERGE AXT 3IAJOFv. 

mand of; or premise, "I am commanded (or directed) b}", 
etc." 

417. It is an indespensable qualification for a staff 
officer that ke should ride well. 

418. Assistant adjutant generals and adjutants have 
their swords drawn while in command of troops assemb- 
ling for a parade, on dress parades and at guard-mount- 
ings. 

During the inspection of a battalion, the regimental 
staff have their swords drawn until they themselves 
have been inspected. 

During the review of a brigade, division or corps and 
at dress parade, staff' officers draw and return swcrds 
with their general 

Staff officers draw swords when the commands to 
which they belong are, or when the officer on whose 
staff they are, having his sword drawn, is about to pay 
compliments. 

On no other occasion do staff officers draw swords. 

ARTICLE XLIT. 

Sergeant Major, 

419. The sergeant major is the ranking non-commis- 
sioned officer of the regiment, he assists the adjutant in 
the performance of his duties. 

420. At orderly call in the morning the sergeant major 
receives the company morning report books from the 
first sergeants, gives them the orders for the day and 
orders to be copied in the company order-book; at orderly 
call in the afternoon he furnishes the first sergeants v\ith 
the details required from their respective companies for 
the morrow, and returns the morning report books. In 
like manner reports and orders for the band are received 
from or transmitted through, the drum major by the 
sergeant major. 

421. The sergeant major should be a model soldier for 
the regiment in his dress and military deportment. His 
example and punctual performance of duty go far to- 
wards influencing proper discipline. He should be con- 
versant with the duities of all non-commissioned officers 
and privates. 



NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. 65 

ARTICLE XLIII. 

Non-commissioned Officers, 

422. Non-commissioned officers should be thoroughly 
familiar with the schools of the soldier and company, 
and with all that relates to the guides in the schools of 
the battalion and should be well posted in ceremonies; 
they should also be instructed in the manner of giving 
commands. 

423. Non-commissioned officers are appointed bj^ com- 
pany officers and cannot be reduced to the ranks without 
the concurrence of the colonel or by sentence of court- 
martial. 

424. Much of the discipline of a regiment depends up- 
on the selection of the sergeants and corporals. If 
they are properly selected, sustained, and directed, they 
will furnish materiil aid in governing the men. 

425. Non-commissioned officers are entitled to respect 
and implicit obedience from the men; they must be just 
and impartial on all occasions. 

426. Non-commissioned officers should be examples of 
neatness, cleanliness and soldierly conduct. They should 
be the fir t to take their places at roll-calls, and should 
see that the men take their places promptly, and preserve 
silence. 

427. Non-commissioned officers should be especially 
skillful in taking the cadence of the various steps, as 
the regularity of a column in march depends upon them. 
For practice they should use the measures suggested in 
the article on armories. 

428. A non-commissioned officer for any offense or for 
disobedience of orders or unmilitary conduct at a regi- 
mental or battalion parade, may, besides incurring the 
fine prescribed , be reduced to the ranks by the command- 
er of his regiment or battalion, and for such misconduct 
at any other parade, by such commander, with the ad- 
vice of his company commander. 

429. Guides and file closers execute orc?er arms ^ fix and 
unfix bayonet^ and carry arms. In rendering honors they 
execute the present^ rever^e^ and rest on arms. On drill they 



06 FIEST SERGEANTS. 

execute the support and right shoulder arms, except the 
guide of eacJi sub-division in column when marching in 
common or quick time, and the guides who mark the line 
of battle during its formation. They execute the other 
movements of the manual only when specially directed. 
The guide of a sub-division marching in column in quick 
time holds his musket at a carry arms. 

ARTICLE XLTV, 

First Seri.eant, 

430. The duties of the first sergeant are peculiar to 
his position, and require capacity and knowledge, supe- 
rior to those of other sergeants. 

431. The first sergeant receives orders from the cap- 
tain or officer commanding the company, and sees that 
they are executed. 

432. Orders received by the first sergeant from the 
commanding or other officer should be communicated to 
the company commander as early as possible. 

433 At orderly calls the first sergeant repairs to regi- 
mental or post headquarters, to receive orders or instruc- 
tions, which he should report to the company command- 
er without delay. 

434. In camp or on other duty, including drill, the first 
sergeant makes out and signs the company report, and 
submits it to the commanding officer of the company for 
his signature, after which it is transmitted to the adju- 
tant. 

435. The sick report must always be made up in the 
morning before the morning report, in order that the lat- 
ter may be accurate as to the number of men for duty. 

436. The first sergeant keeps the roster, and makes all 
details from his company. 

437. The first sergeant parades and inspects all details 
from his company, sees that they are properly equipped 
for the duty which they are to perform, and then turns 
them over to a non-commissioned offic r, to be marched 
to their posts, or marches them there himself. 

438. The first sergeant, although he should be famil- 
iar with the duties of sergeants and corporals, is seldom 



FIRST SERGEANTS. 67 

called upon to perform any duty that would remove him 
from his own position. He is not liable for guard duty, 
or fatigue, or detached service, unless the entire com- 
pany is detailed for the same 

4:39. At all roll-calls the first sergeant takes his place 
six or eight paces, according as the companj^ is small or 
large, in front of and opposite the center of his company, 
facing towards it If the company is forming without 
arms, the men fall in and take the position ofparaderest^ 
and the first serjreant takes the same position. 

^40. They should fall in in two ranks, whether with 
or without arms. With arms they fall in at a carry 
instead of at a parade rest. The company is formed in the 
interval between the musicians' call and the last note of 
the assembly, when every man should be in ranks. 

441. When the music has ceased the first sergeant 
commands "a^^6Wifio?i,'' whereupon the company, if at 
parade rest, take the position of the soldier; and if with 
arms, the sergeant adds '-''support arms,^^ The roll is 
then called, commencing with ''^^ergeants^^^ Adims^ Smithy 
&c., in order of rank, until all are called; then ^^corpor- 
als^^^ Brown, Jones, &c., to /armr," then ''^buglers'''' or 
^'•mus'cia' s,^^ and finally ^ ''privates ^^^ Ames, Brown, Cox, 
&c., in alphabetical order. As each name is called, 
they answer, "Sere;" and if with arms at a support, they 
come to a ''carry" and finally to "order arms" imme- 
diately on answering to their names; if with sabers or 
pistols drawn, they return them to their scabbard. 

442. After the roll has been called, the first sergeant 
turns to the officer superintending the roll-call, and re- 
ports the absentees by name. If none are absent with- 
out proper authority, he reports, '"'allpresent or accounted 
ffjr.^- If the officer should then take command of the 
company, the first sergeant takes his post on the right 
of the company, and acts as right guide. 

443. The first sergeant is usually empowered by the- 
captain to confine soldiers and arrest non-commissioned 
officers for offenses. In these cases he always re- 
port the confinement or arrest to be by order of the 
captain or company commander He should, however, 
report the facts in the case to the captain or company 



68 C OKPORALS— GPtAXD GUAPtD. 

commander at once, in order that he may be prepared to 
sustain him in the act, or correct it if he does not ap- 
prove of his action. 

444. While the adjutant is equalizing the battalion, 
the first sergeants will take post in the line of file closers. 

445. All sergeants fix bayonets when their companies 
do the same. 

ARTICLE XLY. 

Corporals, 

446. The duties of corporals are simple, and a capac- 
ity for control is the principal requisite. They take 
charge of the smaller details for guard, fatigue, and po- 
lice. 

447. Corporals are frequently called upon to assume 
responsibilities of sergeants, and should therefore be fa- 
miliar with their duties : they should also be familiar 
with the school of the soldier, and capable of instruct- 
ing the recruits in elementary principles. 

448. Corporals should be perfectly familiar with the 
duties of sentinels, and able to instruct the members of 
the guard. 

449. Corporals of cavalry are often placed in charge of 
small parties, or patrols on provost-duty and should be- 
come as thoroughly familiar with the country as practi- 
cable, and be able to make clear reports of all that they 
jsee or hear. 

450. In charge of stable-guards, corporals have a gen- 
eral supervision of the stables, see that the horses are 
watched, and that none get loose or are injured. 

451. Corporals of artillery act as gunners, and assist 
the chiefs of section in managing the pieces, and direct- 
ing the men. 

ARTICLE XLYI. 

Grand Guards. 

452. Grand guards are the advanced posts of a camp 
or cantonment, and should cover the approaches to it. 
These guards are stationed a couple of miles away from 
an army, and usually go on dutjr for several days. 

Grand guards pay no compliments. The advanced 
post of a camp guard, if there is one, pays compliments. 



CAMP, OR POLICE GUARD. 69 

ARTICLE XLVIL 

Camp^ or Police Guards. 

453. Camp guards will be relieved every twenty-four 
hours. 

454. In brigade encampments, when the commanding 
officer deems it necessary to place a chain of sentinels 
around his camp or a portion of it, such duty will count 
on the roster as for grand guard, but the duties of such 
guard will be conducted according to the principles of 
police guards. 

455. The term '* police guard" refers to the sentinels 
which surround a camp ; it should not be confounded 
with the fatigue party, whose duty it is to police a 
camp. 

456. In each regiment a police guard is detailed every 
day, consisting of two sergeants, three corporals, two 
drummers, and men enough to furnish the required sen- 
tinels and patrols. The men are taken from all the com- 
panies, from each in proportion to its strength. The 
e:uard is commanded by a lieutenant, under the super- 
vision of a captain, as regimental officer-of-the-day. It 
furnishes ten sentinels at the camp, one over the arms of 
the guard, one at the colonel's tent, three on the color 
front, one of them over the colors, three fifty paces in 
rear of the field officers' tents, and one on each flank be- 
tween it and the next regiment. If it is a flank regiment, 
one more sentinel is posted on the outer flank. 

457. In the cavalrj^, dismounted men are employed in 
preference on the police guard. The mounted men on 
guard are sent in succession, a part at a time to groom 
their horses. 

458. In each company, a corporal has charge of the 
stable-guard. His tour begirs at retreat and ends at 
morning stable-call. The stable guard is large enough 
to relieve the men on post every two hours. They sleep 
in their tents and are called by the corporal when want- 
ed. At retreat he closes the streets of the camp with 
cords, or uses other precautions to prevent the escape of 
loose horses. 



70 CA31P. OR POLICE GUAPvD. 

459. The sentinels over the colors has orders not to 
permit them to be moved except in presence of an escort ; 
to let no one touch them but the color-bearer, or the ser- 
geant of the police guard when he is accompanied by two 
armed men. 

460 The sentinels on the color front permit no sol- 
dier to take arms from the stacks, except by order of 
some officer or a non-commissioned officer of the guard. 
The sentinel at the colonel's tent has orders to warn 
him day or night, of any unusual movement in or about 
the camp. 

461. The sentinel on the front, flank andrear, see that 
no soldier leaves camp with horse or arms, unless con- 
ducted by a non-commissioned officer. They prevent 
non-commissioned officers and soldiers from passing out 
at night, except to go to the sinks, and mark if they re- 
turn They arrest at any time, suspicious persons 
prowling about the camp, and at night, every one who 
attempts to enter, even the soldiers of other corps. Ar- 
rested persons are sent to the officer-of-the guard, who 
sends them, if necessary, to the officer of the day. 

462. At retreat, the officer of the guard has the roll of 
his guard called, and inspects arm<, to see that they are 
loaded (in time of war) and in order. The sergeant of the 
police guard, accompanied by two armed soldiers, folds 
the colors and lays them on the trestles in rear of the 
arms. 

463. At reveille, the police guard takes arms *, the offi- 
cer of the guard inspects it. The sergeant replants the 
colors in place. 

464. Sentinels will be relieved every two hours, unless 
the state of the weather or other causes should make 
it necessary or proper that it be done at shorter or lon- 
ger intervals. 

465. Each relief, before mounting, is inspected by the 
commander of the guard or of its post. The corporal re- 
ports to him and presents the old relief on its return. 

466. The countersign, or watchword, is given to such 
persons as are entitled to pass during the night, and to 
officers, non-commissioned officers, and sentinels of the 



CA3IP, OR POLICE GUARD. 71 

guard. Interior guards receive the countersign only 
when ordered by the commander of the troops. 

467. The parole is imparted to such officers only as 
have a right to visit the guards, and to make the grand 
rounds, and to officers commanding guards. 

468. Neither officers nor soldiers are to take off their 
clothing or accoutrements while they are on guard. 

469. When a fire breaks out, or any alarm is raised in 
a carrison, all guards are to be immediately under arms. 

470. Sentinels will not take orders or allow themselves 
to be relieved except by an officer or non-commissioned 
officer of their guard, the officer of the day, or the com- 
manding officer, in which case, the orders will be imme- 
diately notified to the commander of the guard by the of- 
ficer giving them, 

471. Sentinels will report every breach of orders or 
regulations they are instructed to enforce. 

472 Sentinels must keep themselves on the alert, ob- 
serving everything that takes place within sight and 
hearing of their posts. They will carry their arms ha- 
bitually at a support, or on either shoulder, but will neyer 
quit them. In wet weather, if there be no sentry-box, 
they will secure arms. 

473. No sentinel shall quit his post or hold conversa- 
tion not necessary to the proper discharge of his 
duties. 

474. All persons of whatever rank in the service are 
required to observe respect towards sentinels; and to 
force a guard, or resist a sentinel or guard, is one of the 
greatest of offenses, meriting the severest punishment. 

475. In case of disorder, a sentinel must call out the 
guard, and if a fire takes place, he must cry "^re/" ad- 
ding the number of his post ; if in either case the danger 
be great, he must discharge his fire-lock before calling 
out. 

476. It is the duty of the sentinel to repeat all calls 
made from posts more distant from the main body 
of the guard than his own, and no sentinel will be post- 
ed so distant as not to be heard by the guard, either di- 
rectly or through other sentinels. 

477. The sentinel at any post of the guard, when he 



72 CA3IP, OR POLICE GUARD. 

sees any body of troops, or an officer entitled to compli- 
ment, approach, must call, tun out the guard I and an- 
nounce who approaches. 

478. Guards do not turn out as a matter of compli- 
ment, after sunset ; but sentinels will, when officers in 
uniform approach, pay them proper attention, by facing 
to the proper front and standing steady at carry arm'^. 
This will be observed until the evening is so far advanc- 
ed that the sentinels begin challenging. 

479. After retreat, (or the hour appointed by the com- 
ma^iding officer,) until broad daylight, a sentinel chal- 
lenges every person who approaches him, taking at the 
same time, the position of charge bayonets. He will suf- 
fer no person to come nearer than within reach of his 
bayonet, until the persom has given the countersign. 

480. A sentinel in challenging, will call out who comes 
there \ if answered Friendwith the countersign^ and he be 
instructed to pass persons with the countersign, he will 
reply — Advcmc- friend with the countersign ; if answered 
Friends he will vQ^\j~Halt friends^ advance one with 
the countersign : if answered Reliefs Patrol^ or Grand 
Rounds^ he will reply, Halt^ Advanc^ Sergeant (or corpo- 
ral,) with the countersign^ and satisfy himself that the 
party is what it represents itself to be. If he has no au- 
thority to pass persons with the countersign, if the 
wrong countersign be given, or if the persons have not 
the countersign, he will cause them to stand and call 
Corporal of the Guard, 

481. In the daytime, when the sentinel before the 
guard sees the officer-of-the-day approach, he will call — 
"•Turn out the guards officer of the day. The guard will 
be paraded, and salute with presented arms. 

482 When any; person approaches a post of the guard 
at night, the sentinel before the post, after challenging, 
causes him to halt until examined by a non-commisioned 
officer of the guard. If it be the officer of the day, or 
any other officer entitled to inspect the guard, and to 
make the rounds, the non-commissioned officer will call 
Turn out the gwird^ when the guard will be paraded at 
carry arms^ and the officer-of-the-guard, if he thinks 
necessary, may demand the countersign and parole. 



CAMP. OR POLICE GUAKD. 73 

483. The officer of the day< wishing to make the 
rounds, will take an escort of a non-commissioned offi- 
cer and two men AVhen the rounds are challenged by 
a sentinel, the sergeant will answer Grand rounds and 
the sentinel will reply— -ffaZ^ (.rrmd roundel Advance ser- 
geant with the countersign upon which the sergeant ad- 
vances and gives the countersign, i he sentinel will 
iYiQu CY J— Advance rcnnds and-tanda' a carry till ihey 
have pa^'ed. 

484. When 'he en inel before the guard challe ge .and 
i> SLn'-wered—^Gr and rounds^ he will reply-^a?^ grand 
rounds , turn out th"" gua d, g-and rounds^ upon which 'he 
guard will be drawn up at carry arm-^. '1 he officer com- 
manding the guard wi 1 then order a ergeant and two men 
to advance ; whe ' withi • ten pace-, the ergeant challen- 
ge^. The >^ergean' of the grand rounds an-wers Grand 
rounds^ the '-ergeant of the guard replie — Advance ser- 
g'^ant^ with th'^ countersign, '1 he sergean^ of the rounds 
advance < alone, give^ the counterign. and return^ to his 
round. 'I he sergeant of the guard call- to hi^ officer The 
connte^'sign is light ^ on which the officer of the guard 
can>. Advance rouTds 1 he officer of the rou d> pa>-e^ 
along the front of the guard to the officer, who keep hi > 
post on the right and give- him the parole. He then ex- 
amine the guard order back hi> e cort, and taking a new 
one proceeds in 'he ame manner to other guard . 

485. All material instructions given to a sentinel on 
post by persons entitled to make grand rounds, ought 
to be promptly notified to the commander of the guard. 

486. Any general officer, or the commander of a post 
or garrison, may visit the guards of his command, and 
go the grand rounds, and be received' in the same manner 
as prescribed for the officer-of-the-day 

487. The most intelligent soldier should always be 
selected for the post No. 1 at the guard house, and ex- 
perienced soldiers for other important posts and they 
will watch closely for all general and commanding 
officers, officers-of-the-day and armed bodies of troops, 
and will call ''turn out the guard" upon their being 
seen to approach. During a tour of duty a sentinel 
should be placed on the same post so far as possible. 



74 CAMP, OR POLICE GUAED. 

488. Sentinels must never sit down nor let go their 
muskets, but must walk their beats and perform their 
duties in a soldier-like manner. 

489. When a brigade guard does duty in place of regi- 
mental guards, the brigade guard is mounted as pre- 
scribed for a grand guard. 

490. A guard is generally mounted in the morning 
about eight or nine o'clock, and if possible the adjutant 
should, the night before, warn the lieutenant whose 
turn it is to be officer-of-the guard, and also the first ser- 
geants of the number of non-commissioaL'.l officers and 
men required from each. 

491. This detail by the adjutant should inc^ i; le enough 
privates to act as orderlies. The first sergeant ^vill im- 
mediately warn the non-commissioned officers ai^d pii- 
vates whose turn it is t® do guard duty, and wiil adl 
ihenext two privates on the roster as supernumerar.es. 
These supernumeraries take the place of any of the regu- 
larly detailed privates who may be rejected or may be 
taken sick during the tour of duty. No matter when 
they relieve men taken sick, they get credit on the ros- 
ter for a full day's duty. 

492. The adjutant selects from the guard the soldiers 
who are neatest in their general appearance as the order- 
lies required. 

493. It is a most serious breach of military discipline 
for an officer or soldier to communicate the countersign 
to any person not entitled to it. No sentinel will give 
or communicate the countersign to any person whatever 
except to the sentinel who relieves him. 

494. A sentinel over property or supplies of any kind, 
will call for the corporal of the guard when any person 
other than those authorized, or the officer responsible 
for the property, wishes to touch them. Placed over 
prisoners, he must suffer no person, except those au- 
thorized, to converse with them, nor must he permit the 
prisoners to leave their places of confinement 

495. In assembling for guard duty on the company 
parade ground, the men fall in in two ranks, faced to the 
right, non-commissioned officers and supernumeraries 
falling in as file closers. The first sergeant then faces 



CAMP, OPv POLICE GUARD. 75 

the detail to the left, verifies it, opens ranks, inspects 
dress and general appearance and closes ranks. At the 
adjutanVs call the first sergeants march the details to the 
regimental parade ground and halt them, slightly in 
rear of the line, each first sergeant in turn, as his detail 
arrives, placing himself near the left of the detail, on a 
line with and facing the sergeant-major, and command- 
ing Hear, (pen-order^ march. At the command march the 
front rank dresses up on the line and the rear rank steps 
back three paces and dresses to the right. The non- 
commissioned officers are three yards in rear of the rear 
rank and the supernumeraries are three yards in the rear 
of the non-commissioned officers Seeing the ranks 
opened, the first sergeant commands j^ro/if, and saluting 
the sergeant-major, he reports his detail. He then passes 
around the sergeant major and the right of the guard and 
takes post three yards in rear of his supernumeraries. 

The first sergeant and supernumeraries come to order 
arms ^ parade rest and attention with the guard. They re- 
main at order arms while the guard is being presented 
and wheeled into column. The senior first sergeant 
commands ^arac?6 rest at the command march for passing 
in review, and supernumeraries attention^ when the officers 
of the dav come to attention. The first sergeants come 
to parade rest and attention with the supernumeraries. 
The rear of the column having passed the officers of the 
day, the senior first sergeant commands carry arms Sifter ^ 
which each first sergeant marches his supernumeraries 
away and dismisses them on the company parade ground. 

A non-commissioned officer commanding a guard takes 
post on the right flank (unless it be the new guard posted 
on the right of the old guard near the guard house, when 
he will be on the left flank), and salutes with the guard. 
A non-commissioned officer in command of a guard 
marching by the flank marches on the left of the last file 
and places another non-commissioned officer as guide on 
the left of the first file. A corporal in command of a re- 
lief marches on the left of the last file, the old corporal- 
of-the-guard marching as guide on the right of the front 
file. When the old sentinels have all been relieved, the 
old corporal-of-the-guard assumes command of the relief. 



76 INSPECTIONS. 

exchanging places with the new corporal for that pur- 
pose. 

When a relief approaches to within six paces of a sen- 
tinel to be relieved, the corporal commands, reliefs halt^ 

No, , arm'i^ port^ and the sentinels come to arms port, 

and approach each other, the old sentinel whispering to 
the new sentinel his instructions. The old sentinel then 
falls in, in the last file- The sentinel at the guard house 
is first relieved and he remains at the guard house. A 
relief marches at a support or a right shoulder arms. A 
guard salutes its own officer of the day. 

When any other person entitled to compliments ap- 
proaches the guard house when both are present, the 
senior officer-of-the guard will give the necessary com- 
mands to both guards. 

(Read Articles III and VIII for salutes by guards and sentinels. 

ARTICLE XLVIII. 

Inspections. 

496. There are two inspections of the guard every 
year under the laws of the state. The first one will be 
in the spring upon direction of the major general, and 
one in the last half of the year under the direction of the 
Governor. 

497. The general of brigade inspects his troops in de- 
tail, by companies, when he takes the command and at 
the opening of the campaign, and as often as may be nec- 
essary to ascertain exactly their condition. The general 
of division makes similar inspections when he thinks 
proper. 

498. At these inspections the officers and men will ap- 
pear fully armed and equipped in every particular, with 
uniforms^ and equipments in the most perfect order. 

Officers will also be prepared to appear before the ex- 
amining board and to exercise their commands in such 
manoeuvres as may be required. 

499. At the two inspections prescribed by law com- 
pany commanders will prepare and carry with them du- 
plicate alphabetical inspection rolls and be duly sworn 
to them by a competent officer or by a magistrate At 
the spring inspection the major-general sometimes orders 
the rolls dispensed with. 



PAY AXD KATIOXS. 7/ 

During encampments and in actual service there will 
be made on every Sunday morning a rigid and complete 
inspection of the troops, arms, uniforms, equipments 
and quarters. 

ARTICLE XLIX. 

Fay and. Rations. 

500. Upon passing a satisfactory inspection at the 
annual fall inspection, each company of infantry is en- 
titled to five hundred dollars and ea'ch company of ar- 
tillery or cavalry to one thousand dollars per annum. 
This money is to purchase, maintain and renew the 
sixty state uniforms, viz., caps, blouse and pants. A 
company saving anything out of this allowance, may 
transfer the balance to the company fund. 

501. For hire of armories each company is entitled to 
one hundred dollars. In cities exceeding a population of 
15,000 two hundred dollars is allowed. 

502. For actual service and for the one days' service at 
the fall inspection the pay of troops is as follows: 



Major general 

Brigadier general 

Colonel 

Lieutenant Colonel 

Major , 

Captain mounted , 

Captain , 

Adjutant 

Quartermaster 

First Lieutenant mounted. . . 

First Lieutenant 

Second Lieutenant mounted 

Second Lieutenant 

Chaplain 

Hospital Steward 

Two principal musicians . . . 

Non-commissioned staff 

First Sergeant 

Sergeants 

Corporals 

Privates and Musicians 



>i 


>>ce 


cS'tS 


^u 


CO 


a 


20 83 


15 28 


9 72 


8 33 


6 94 


5 55 


5 00 


5 00 


5 00 


4 44 


4 17 


4 17 


3 89 


4 17 


3 00 


3 00 


3 00 


3 00 


2 00 


1 75 


1 50 



625 00 
45S 33 . 
291 67 
250 00 
208 33 
166 67 
150 00 
150 00 
150 00 
133 33 
125 00 
125 00 
116 67 
125 00 



78 PAY AND RATIONS. 

503. Officers who have served five years in the same 
rank, will be entitled for time in actual service, to an 
additional ten per cent. 

The ration is as follows : 

504. One ration for each man per day. 



Article. 


Quantity for one. 

12 ounces, 
14 " 

18 " 
20 

22 " 


Quantity for 100. 


Pork or bacon 

Or dried fish 

Or pickled fish 

Or fresh beef 

Or salt beef 


75 pounds. 

87>^ '' 
112M " 
125 

137X " 


Flour or bread 

Or hard bread 

Or corn meal 


18 - 

1 pound, 
20 ounces, 

2 4-10 ounces, 
16-10 


1251^ '' 
100 " 
125 


Beans or peas 

Or rice or hominy 


15 
10 


Green cofl'ee 


1 6-10 

1 28-100 '' 

32-100 


10 " 


Or roasted or ground coffee, 
Or tea 


8 

2 '' 


Sugar 

Or syrup or molasses 


2 4-10 

2-100 gallons, 


15 

2 gallons. 


Vinegar 


1-100 

2-10 ounces, 
64-100 '' 
64-100 " 
4-100 


1 " 


Candles 

Soup 


IX pounds. 
4 '' 


Salt 

Pepper 


4 



The government will issue such articles of the same 
nature as it sees proper, or it may issue part of one 
thing and part of another; thus, it may issue for 100 
men i)6i pounds pickled fish and 62| pounds of fresh 
beef, or all fish or all beef. 

505. The forage ration for each horse is 14 pounds 
of hay and 12 pounds oats, corn or barley. 

506. Horses for artillery and cavalry are hired at the 
expease of the state, upon occasions of legally prescribed 
parades and in time of actual service. 



lilFLEr>, CARE AND USE OF. ' 9 

ARTCLE L. 

Ilifles— Care and u-'^e of, 

(By Colonel Geo. Sanderson, Division Inspector of Rifle Practice.) 
TO CLEA]N" THE LOCK. 

507. Wipe every part with an oiled rag and then a dry 
one; if any rust is detected, put a drop of oil on the point 
of a piece of soft wood and rub out the rust, wipe the 
surface dry and then rub every part with a slightly oiled 
rag. On no account use emery or powder of any kind, 
as the parts are sure to rust if the case-hardening is in- 
jured. Before remounting the lock, the screw-threads, 
pins, and locking-lever should be oiled. Sewing machine 
or watchmaker's oil is preferable for all the metal parts 
of the rifle, and as little as possible should be used. 

TO CLEAN THE RIFLE. 

508. Use a brush, or, if not obtainable, a wooden wip- 
ing stick, wound with a soft rag, dipping in hot water 
and rubbing the inside of the barrel till all fouling is 
removed. This should be done immediately after firing 
as the residuum is soft at that time and easily removed. If 
this be neglected, the trouble is very great, and chances 
of injuring the rifling greater. Rub inside of barrel i)er- 
fectly dry and then oil slightly. After oiling, let rifle 
stand for a time and then carefully wipe it, but not en- 
tirely dry. Keep the exterior of the rifle slightly oiled, 
wooden parts with linseed oil, to be rubbed dry with a 
woolen cloth, and wipe ofi* before using. Benzine is use- 
ful for removing rust, but the barrel must be wiped per- 
fectly dry at once or it will corrode. Never use a ram- 
rod as a wiper, and never attempt to drag one out of the 
barrel by extreme force if it gets caught; it will certain- 
ly injure the bore. Be careful not to injure rifling at 
the muzzle, as this is the portion which has the greatest 
eff*ect on the accuracy of the rifle. Carry hammer at half- 
cock, and before using see that firing-pin is all right. If 
the extractor cuts through the rim of a shell, drive it 
out with the ramrod. If the head of a shell comes off 
while firing, reduce a ball by cutting or rolling until it 



80 RIFLES. CARE AXD USE OF. 

will go into the muzzle; then ram the ball hard and the 
the cartridge can be removed from the breech. 

HIXTS AS TO HANDLIXG RIFLE. 

509. Learn to know the parts of your rifle, so as to be 
ready to take it apart anda'ssemble it, and to see for your- 
selves that it is in good condition. 

Carefull}^ examine the grooves after firing and clean- 
ing, to see that they are not ''leaded." Wipe out after 
firing as often as practicable to prevent ''leading," as, 
if the grooves become "leaded," the velocity is dimin- 
ished and the ball falls short. 

Be careful to place the piece in the rack gently, as the 
barrel may become indented or marred; once this happens, 
the piece is useless for accuracy. Never sit on the piece 
or use it for carrying weights. 

Bring butt of piece gently to the ground in ordering 
arms, as a heavy shock is apt to loosen the screws and 
split the wood-work. 

Be careful to prevent water from getting in between 
the wood- work and barrel, which can be prevented by 
rubbing in a little beeswax. 

See that the fore sight is in good order. 

If any obstruction should find its way into the barrel, 
leaving an air space between it and cartridge, remove it 
beforeTiring. The barrel is liable to burst,if fired under 
such circumstances. 

Keep cartridges clean. Place no cartridge that has a 
particle of gritty substance in the chamber, as it will 
cause the shell to stick. 

Keep a tight-fitting wad, cork or plug in the muzzle of 
the barrel, and a greased wad in the chamber, when the 
piece is put away. 

USE OF THE SIGHTS. 

510. Be careful to keep your sights perfectly perpendic- 
ular when firing, as a slight variance from it to the right 
or left will cause the ball to take a corresponding direc- 
tion. 

Be sure the rear sight is properly elevated. 
In aiming use the rear sight, through the notch of 
which find the target, and then, and not till then, bring 



RIFLES, CARE AND USE OF. 81 

of the sight to bear on it by glancing along the top. 
Don't make the mistake of using the fore sight before 
your eye is fixed on the target. 

At point blank distance, which is one hundred yards, 
aim a trifle under the object to be fired at, at the same 
time drawing a fine sight, as the elevation will be too 
great if more than the very point of the fore sight is seen. 

The fore sight may be blackened , but cannot be colored 
any other color, and no filing of sights is allowable, 
though the sliding bar of the rear sight may be inverted. 

RIFLE RANGES. 

511 . Select the range with regard to the following con- 
veniences: 

Convenience of access. 

As level as possible between firing points and butts. 

If the butts can be placed against a high and steep hill , 
it will be of great advantage and much more safe. If 
this is impossible select a site with as due a regard to 
safety as is possible. 

Place poles with red streamers at intervals of fifty 
yards between targets and firing points, as indicators of 
the wind. Ifa wind guage is erected these are unnecessarj^. 

The firing points should be made level. 

The targets may be of cast iron, stone, cloth or paper. 
The iron target, though the most expensive at the start, 
is the most economical in the end, and by far the most 
satisfactory, as the bullet leaves a distinct mark, which 
may be quickly erased with the white-wash brush. They 
are made in three sections of two feet by six, with hinged 
resting rods behind, so that they can be placed in posi- 
tion at any required angle. Two of the sections are 
raised when practicing at one or two hundred yards, and 
all three when practicing: at five hundred. The system 
adopted by me in placing targets and marking butts at 
the Nay Aug range, for the last season was as follows, 
viz: the targets were placed on a hard wood piece of 
timber about six feet six inches long, firmly embedded 
in the ground and grooved slightly on the top to hold 
the edges of the targets and to prevent them from sliding 
forward. Fortv feet in front and ten feet to one side of 



82 RIFLES, CARE AND TSE OF. 

the targets, a pit four feet deep was dug, behind which a 
heavy plank butt was erected four feet high Over this 
the dirt excavated from the pit was thrown and banked. 
To one side was erected on each firing day, a mock tar- 
get made of canvas, and red used instead of black in 
painting the lines. In the pit the marker^ were sta- 
tioned and indicated on the canvas target the spot on 
the iron one. When the marks on the iron target be- 
came too numerous the danger flag was erected, and the 
markers stepped out and applied the brush. This sys- 
tem has its advantages, though it is not equal to the 
Creedmoor butts, which are very expensive. 1st. It is 
inexpensive. 2d. It is absolutely safe, if markers obey the 
rules, for the spray of the broken l3ullet cannot dash 
back, as the targets are placed at an angle. 3d. The 
shots can be distinctly seen from the butt and need not 
be whitewashed till a number have been fired. 4th. 
When a shot was disputed the bug'e was sounded, the 
red flag went up, the markers went to the targets and 
rectified the shot, then retreated to thebutt, lowered the 
.red flag, and the firing went on without further delay. 

The markers should be supplied with red danger flags, 
and the instant one is displayed the firing must cease 
and must not be resumed till it is lowered. When firing 
is going on there should be a large red flag at the firing 
point also, and no marker must be allowed outside his 
butt while this is raised. 

WINDAGE. 

512. A side wind frequently depresses the bullet in 
addition to moving it sideways; a front wind retards i^ 
and requires a greater elevation; a rear wind carries it 
and reduces the elevation. Allowance for wind must be 
increased with the distance to be shot over. 

CLASSIFICATION OF WINDS. 

Gentle, 4 miles an hour .1 

Moderate, 10 " '' "- 2 

Fresh, 20 '' '' "• •> 

Strong, 35 '' " '' 4 

Very high, 50 "- " '' 5 

Gale. SO '' '' '' 6 



RIFLES, CARE AND USE OF. 83 

A most important requisite to good shooting is a cor- 
rect record of every shot fired, marked on a plan of the 
target, with a note of the time of day, kind of light, and 
direction and force of wind. 

GOVERXMENT OF THE MEN AT RAXGES. 

5lo. The men must, on all regular practice days, be 
under the charge of an officer. 

They will preserve perfect quietude at the firing 
points. 

Those not firing will be posted a sufficient distance to 
the rear to prevent comment being heard, and placed at 
''in place rest." 

The men will be placed at the firing points by twos, 
and will fire alternately, as rapidly as possible, havng 
due regard to accuracy. Having fired their shots, the 
scorer calls out the names of the next two, and so on 
through the detachment, till all have fired. 

A score sheet with the names of the detachment should 
be furnished the scorer who will call out the result of 
each shot and the names of the next on the list to fire. 

No man should be allowed at the firing point, when 
the danger signal is displayed, with the chamber of his 
rifle closed. The instant the red flag goes up the cham- 
ber should be opened. 

In all practice at ranges, the first and most important 
duty is that which will render the firing safe, not only 
to the men engaged, but to lookers-on as well. The men 
must watch the red flags, and the markers must use them 
carefully and quickly. When the flag is raised the 
marker should not rush out at once, but allow an inter- 
val to elapse, so as to be safe from any mistake at the fir- 
ing point. 

These brief rules, stringently adhered to, will do away 
with an}^ danger. 

Finally, all practice, either private or in regular course^ 
should be carried on calmly, earnestly, and with one 
end in view — improvement. 

The rules of the National Rifle Association will gov- 
ern all practice in this regiment. 



84 ' MISCELLANEOrS. 

CLEANIXG SHELLS. 

514. After firing, when the re-loading shell is used, it 
should be cleaned thoroughly. There are various ways 
of doing this: Soaking in sharp vinegar, or boiling in 
water and wiping out with a rag wet with vinegar, are 
simple ways. They should be thoroughly cleaned and 
dried before loading, and the ball well greased. 

LOADING, AMMUNITION. 

515. The shells must be absolutely clean. 

The shells should be crimped or expanded at the 
mouth so that the bullets will fit uniformly. 

The mouth of the shell should be smooth and the ball 
pressed down firmly on the powder. 

The cap should be seated deep: first, to make sure that 
it will explode; second, to have it below the head of the 
shell to avoid accident. 

Make scratch mark on the top of shell and insert ihe 
same way every time. 

The powder should be weighed accurately and care- 
fully poured into the shell through along tube. 

Never load a breech-loader except at the firing point 
and then keep the muzzle towards the target No pos- 
sible regret could repair the damage resulting from an 
accident. 

ARTICLE LI. 

Miscellaneous* 

516. A colonel commanding, during a review of his 
regiment, does not sheathe his sword. 

517. A brigadier general commanding, during a review 
of his troops, sheathes his sword only while he accom- 
panies the reviewing officer along the front and rear of 
the line. 

518. A major general, during a review of his troops, 
has his sword drawn only while he is riding at the head 
of his troops in column passing in review. 

519. OfRcers should always draw swords before giving 
commands to troops. On route marches this is not nec- 
essary. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 85 

520. Officers will note the difference between parade 
rest and in place rest, and will avoid giving the order par- 
ade rest, when the Intention is to give relief to the 
troops. 

521. When marching in quick time, officers will carry 
their swords against their shoulder, and not over their 
elbows in a careless way. 

522. In drilling troops in the manual of arms, officers 
should give the commands with spirit and in the cad- 
ence of the step in quick time. To learn this, an officer 
should practice giving commands as he is marching in 
quick time, s:iving a command at each step. Success in 
drilling troops requires that commands should be given 
in this manner. 

523. When the colonel joins the inspecting officer, or 
proceeds to inspect the battalion himself, it is proper 
courtesy for him to invite the lieutenant colonel and 
major to accompany him. 

524. When a company is prepared for inspection, the 
captain takes post, faced to the front. He faces to the 
left only to give a command. The lieutenants face to 
the rear when the inspecting officer is about to inspect 
the musket of the first man 

525. An officer mounted to face the rear, wheels his 
horse to the left. 

526. An officer in active service should supply himself 
with good maps of the country, and he should keep a 
record book of the marches and incidents of the cam- 
paign. 

527. General, field and staff officers are competent to 
administer oaths on military business. 

528. None but commanding officers — and they only in 
cases of extreme emergency — should order purchases 
made upon the credit of the state. 

529. Punctuality is an essential qualification in a good 
officer or soldier. 

530. Each colonel and each captain should at all 
times have at laast twenty rounds per man of fixed ammu- 
nition safely stored for use of his command in time of 
need. 

531. When officers are in uniform and on duty with 



86 MISCELLANEOUS. 

troops, hand-shaking should not be indulged in. It is 
unrailitary and prejudicial to discipline. 

532. Officers in making requisitions will always sign 
the blank receipt. 

533. Officers and non-commissioned officers should be 
free to refer all matters concerning which they are in 
doubt to their superiors for such information as can be 
given. 

534. Any officer from a distance entering a place in 
which are the headquarters of his immediate superior, 
should report himself immediately. 

535. The neglect to make reports or to reply to official 
communicatiors requiring a report in answer, is a grave 
offense in an officer. 

53t). The post of honor is on the right, when officers 
ride, walk or sit in company. 

537. Officers haying the Military Code of 1874, should 
cancel all sections from No. 170 on page 34 to No. 201 on 
page 40, inclusive, those sections having been repealed. 

538. Non-commissioned staff officers face about as pre- 
scribed for officers 

539. Colors will not be carried by single companies on 
occasions when they may have to pay or receive military 
compliments. 

540. Organizations desiring to visit other states must 
make application to the Adjutant General , who will , if a 
leave of absence be granted, obtain the necessary per- 
mission from the Adjutant Geiieral of the other state. 

541. A parade is the assemblage of troops in military 
order for inspection, reviews, marches, etc. 

542. In preparing for parade marches the broad-shoul- 
dered men should always be placed in the front rank. 

543. In forming a company the left file must always 
be covered. If the left four contain three men or 1 'ss, 
the sergeant orders the same number of corporals or men 
into the line of file closers; if it contain four men, they 
are placed in the front rank, and numbers one and four, 
covered by numbers two and three in the rear rank of the 
four next on the right; if it contain five men, the 
front rank is completed, number one covered, and num- 
ber four covered by number three taken as before; if it 



MISCELLANEOUS. 87 

contain six men, the front rank is completed, the other 
two men cover numbers one and four; with seven men 
number three rear rank is left vacant. 

544. In marching, soldiers should just feel the touch 
of the next man, and if the line becomes disarranged, 
they will gain the touch gradually and not with a quick 
movement. Crowding should be overcome, by a gradual 
movement, also. 

545. In passing parties to whom compliments are paid, 
the guide is announced on the flank towards them. 

546. A successive movement in which captains give 
the order support arms^ takes place in line of battle and 
in column, when companies arrive in place in succes- 
sion. 

547. When troops at a review or at a guard-mounting 
are wheeled from line into column, each commander will 
halt his own subdivision and dress it to the left After 
that the commander of the whole will put it in march, 

548. When an order is given, halt^ muskets will be 
brought to a carry in the regular cadence of the step, but 
after the halt is made. 

549. In route marches, the men carry their pieces at 
will, but with muzzles elevated; and captains will march 
at the rear of their companies. 

550. Soldiers must never leave the ranks while 
on a march to get water. Canteens should be 
filled before starting, and at regular halts. Cold 
tea quenches thirst better than water. To cool the 
contents of a canteen, keep the covering wet and ex- 
posed to the air. 

551. Soldiers on the march should lie down at every 
halt, and rest. 

552. On the march no one shall fire a gun, or cry halt 
or 7)1 arch without orders. 

5")8. The first halt upon a march should be for fif- 
teen minutes at the end of half or three quarters of an 
hour : after that, halts of ten minutes should be made at 
the end of every hour. 

554. Cavalry and artillery will make a longer march 
in a day, at a walk than on trot. If cavalry is pushed, 



88 MISCELLANEOUS. 

the soldiers should dismount and walk every fourth 
mile. 

555. On parade marches, when the drum major is not 
in commission and is not exact in time and step, the best 
marching sergeant of the battalion should precede the 
drum corps, and the corps should take the time and step 
from him. This will give confidence to, and insure 
steadiness in the column. 

556 An advance line of skirmishers equal to one 
tenth of a command should precede troops marching in 
line towards a scene of action, and a force of one sixth of 
the command should act as a reserve. 

557. A uniformed guardsman who has performed five 
years service in the guard, or who has an honorable dis- 
charge from the U. S service, having enlisted for not 
less than nine months, may claim exemption from jury 
duty during his term of guard service. 

558. The amount of bond required of a captain of in- 
fantry is $1,000. An otf cer requiring canvas from the 
State must give a special bond. 

559. For all penalties not exceeding one hundred dol- 
lars, summary conviction may be had before any aMer- 
man or justice of the peace. 

560. Any member of the National Guard who shall em- 
bezzle, misapply, or retain in his possession without 
authority, any moneys received by him for disburse- 
ment, shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and it shall be 
the duty of the district attorney of the proper county on 
complaint being made, to prosecute such offender in 
any court of competent jurisdiction and to collect any 
penalty imposed, and to pay the same into the State 
Treasury. 

561. The penalty for wilfully or wantonly injuring or 
destroying any uniform, equipment, tent or other prop- 
erty of the State, or of a company, is a fine of fifty dol- 
lars and sixty days imprisonment in the county jail. 

562 In camp and barracks, the company officers must 
visit the kitchen daily and inspect the kettles, and at 
all tinies carefully attend to the messing and economy 
of their respective companies. 

563. The bread must be thoroughly baked and not 



3IISCELLAXE0rS. 89 

eaten until it is cold. The soup must be boiled at least 
five hours, and the vegetables always cooked sufficient- 
ly to be perfectly soft and digestible. 

5f)4. The messes of prisoners will be sent to them by 
the cooks. 

' 5H5. All retainers to a camp are subject to military 
regulations. 

566. Shoes, and not boots are the proper things to 
march in, and feet should be washed every night, (not 
morning,) in cold water to prevent them from blistering. 
Hard soap rubbed on the soles and heels of socks will 
tend to prevent chafing. 

567. Chewing tobacco will not be permitted in the 
ranks when troops are at attention. 

568. When cartridge-box covers become turned up at 
the corners, dampen the leather and rub the creases out 
with a piece of iron or hard wood. Leather should be 
oiled and blackened, never varnished. 

569. The legal punishments for soldiers by sentence of 
a court-martial according to the offense and the jurisdic- 
tion of the court, are death, confinement, confinement on 
bread and water diet, solitary confinement, hard labor, 
ball and chain, forfeiture of pay and allowance, discharge 
from service, and reprimands. Solitary confinement and 
confinement on bread and water, shall not exceed four- 
teen days at a time, with intervals between the periods 
of such confinement, not less than such periods, and 
not exceeding eighty-four days in one year. 



CORRECTIONS TO BE MADE. 



Ir. section 38, page 9, draw a line through the words '*or com- 
pany street.-' 

In section 90, page 16. the words ^'stands at a carrf^ should 
Tt2^iS. presents saber. 



INDEX. 



Page, 

In general. . . . , 5 

Discipline 6 

Honors to be paid by troops 7 

Funeral honors 9 

Escorts of Honor , . 10 

Salutes by officers 13 

Salutes by non-commissioned officers and privates 14 

Salutes by sentinels 15 

Rank and command 16 

Classification 17 

Arrangement of troops iS 



. 91 

Organization of new companies 1 8 

Recruits — Instruction of 2i 

lileclions and appointments 21 

Enlistments 23 

Resitrnations .23 

Discharges 24 

By-laws 24 

Desertions 25 

Absences without leave 25 

Leaves of absence, furloughs, passes . . 26 

Arrests and confinements ... 27 

Charges .29 

Orders 30 

Circulars . 34 

Correspondence 34 

Endorsements .... 38 

Transportation : . . . 41 

Armories 42 

Camps 42 

Uniforms and dress 45 

To form batta'ion 47 

Colors and color-guard 48 

Roster and details for service 51 

Hours of service and roll calls 53 

Mobs 55 

Colonel or commanding officer , . . .57 

Captain or company commander 59 

Officer-of-the-day 60 

Officer-of-the-guard 61 

Staff officers 63 

Sergeant-major 64 

Non-commissioned officers ' ' . . 65 

First sergeant 66 

Corporal . 68 

Grand guard 68 

Camp or police guard 69 

Inspections 76 

Pay and rations 77 

Rifles —Care of and use of 79 

Miscellaneous Remarks 84 



